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Research background
Existing problem
  • Although(the research subject)…，(the related problem)…is as yet undetermined.
  • (The research subject)…,however,(the related problem)…remains unsolved.
  • (Previous studies)have examined…,(the related problem)is that…,despite…
  • (Problems in certain research area)are…,yet(the present solution)has frequently been questioned because…
  • This paper describes/presents…(the argument)within…(a theoretical context)
  • While(the debate on certain research subject)seems to…,(the present agreement)is still problematic.
Methods employed
  • Detailed information has been acquired by the authors using…
  • Several sets of experiments have been performed to test the validity of…
  • The technique the author adopted is referred to as…
  • The experiments consisted of four steps, which are described in…
  • The method/approach used in the present study is…
  • The experiment/investigation in the paper is conducted by adopting…
  • The procedure the present study followed can be briefly described as…
  • The experiment/study consisted of the following steps: …
  • Included in the experiment were…
  • Based on the idea that…, we conducted the present study,categorized…, and evaluated…
Results or findings
Conclusions from the research
  • The results show that …
  • The results are as follows: …
  • The results of the experiment indicate/suggest that…; it is also found that…
  • The analysis of the samples indicates that…
  • It is concluded that…;the results also imply the further study into…
  • The investigation/experiment varied by…and the results also revealed that…
  • These findings of the research have led the author to the conclusion that…

Keywords

  • Key words are the words or phrases that can represent the most important ideas for a research but may not necessarily be the most repeated words in your article.
  • Readers are able to know immediately what you research scope and contents are by reading the key words.
  • They can also find your article among a vast number of articles by searching for key words.
  • There are usually 3-5 key words, and they are mostly phrases rather than single words.

Methods

  • Study design
  • Participants
  • Instruments
  • Data collection and analysis

Results

  • You must write a clear caption that can cover the information of the figure or table.
  • A table has only three horizontal lines.
  • Each table must be titled and numbered consecutively, with title /legend going above the table.
  • Each figure must be numbered consecutively and complete with title/legend going under the figure.
  • If you cite a figure from some other research, indicate where you cite it from. Besides, it should be put in the literature review or introduction rather than result section.

Discussion

  • State the study’s major findings.
  • Explain the meaning and the cause of the findings
  • Relate the findings to those of similar studies.
  • Analyze unexpected findings.
  • Suggest the implications in theory or practice

Conclusion

  • Summary of major argument (topic, thesis, main points)
  • Summary of findings/ Answers to the questions
  • Implications of the findings
  • Limitations of the research
  • Suggestions for future research

Citations

APA
  • Keck (2006) compared the textual borrowing practices …….
  • Early L1 summary studies found that novice writers copied or closely Paraphrased individual sentences (Winograd, 1984).
  • Flowerdew and Li (2007a) highlight approaches which emphasize developmental and disciplinary perspectives.
  • low-proficiency English L2 university students copied excerpts of the source text more frequently than high-proficiency students (Johns & Mayes, 1990).
  • …… (Kernis, Cornell, Sun, Berry, & Harlow, 1993). If cited again: …… (Kernis et al., 1993)
  • Harris et al. (2001) argued ......
  • …… (Harris et al., 2001)
  • Research by Green (1981a, 1981b) illustrated that ...…
  • Johnson argued that …... (as cited in Smith, 2003).
  • …… (Gender and Society, n.d.). [If no date is provided, use "n.d." in place of the date]
  • “useful things to be learned from reusing the structures and words from others’ texts”(Pennycook, 1996, p. 225).
  • “these students are not writing from sources; they are writing from sentences selected from sources” (p. 187).
  • Students’ inappropriate source text use, in particular, has been the focus of much discussion and debate (Currie, 1998; Johns & Mayes, 1990; Polio & Shi, 2012; Tomas, 2010).

References

Journal article
  • Arndt, V. (1987). Six writers in search of texts: A protocol-based study of L1 and L2 writing. ELT Journal, 41, 257–267.
Book
  • Baddeley, A. D. (1986). Working memory. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Edited book
  • Boekaerts, M., Pintrich, P. R., & Zeidner, M. (Eds.). (2000). Handbook of self-regulation. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Article in an edited book
  • DeKeyser, R. (2007). Skill acquisition theory. In B. VanPatten & J. Williams (Eds.), Theories in second language acquisition: An introduction (pp. 97–113). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Online resources
  • Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of Book: Subtitle. Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxx
  • Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of article: Subtitle. Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxx或者 doi:xxxxxxxxxxx