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turing.html
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<!DOCTYPE html>
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<title>Turing Test</title>
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<a href="turing.html"><h1>Turing Test<br/>(1951)</h1></a>
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<h1>Alan Turing</h1>
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<p>
Alan Mathison Turing ( 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English computer scientist, mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher, and theoretical biologist.
Turing was highly influential in the development of theoretical computer science, providing a formalisation of the concepts of algorithm and computation with the Turing machine,
which can be considered a model of a general purpose computer.
Turing is widely considered to be the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence.
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<img src="img/turing1.jpg" alt="Image-Unavailable" id="turing" title="Alan Turing"/>
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<h1>Turing Test</h1>
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<img src="img/turing2.jpg" alt="Image-Unavailable" id="six" title="Turing Test"/>
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<p class="second">
The Turing test, developed by Alan Turing in 1950, is a test of a machine's ability to exhibit intelligent behavior equivalent to, or indistinguishable from, that of a human.
Turing proposed that a human evaluator would judge natural language conversations between a human and a machine designed to generate human-like responses.
The evaluator would be aware that one of the two partners in conversation is a machine, and all participants would be separated from one another.
The conversation would be limited to a text-only channel such as a computer keyboard and screen so the result would not depend on the machine's ability to render words as speech.
If the evaluator cannot reliably tell the machine from the human, the machine is said to have passed the test. The test does not check the ability to give correct answers to questions,
only how closely answers resemble those a human would give.
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<h1>Turing Machine</h1>
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<p class="second">
The Turing machine was invented in 1936 by Alan Turing, who called it an a-machine (automatic machine).[13] With this model, Turing was able to answer two questions in the negative:
(1) Does a machine exist that can determine whether any arbitrary machine on its tape is "circular" (e.g., freezes, or fails to continue its computational task); similarly,
(2) does a machine exist that can determine whether any arbitrary machine on its tape ever prints a given symbol.
Thus by providing a mathematical description of a very simple device capable of arbitrary computations, he was able to prove properties of computation in general—and in particular,
the uncomputability of the Entscheidungsproblem ("decision problem").
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<h1>Inside a Turing Machine</h1>
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<img src="img/turing4.jpg" alt="Image-Unavailable" id="six" title="Control of all operations is handled with a Parallax Propeller chip (blue PCB on left). The machine uses all of the Propeller's 32 I/O pins"/>
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<p class="second">
A Turing machine is a mathematical model of computation that defines an abstract machine,
which manipulates symbols on a strip of tape according to a table of rules.
Despite the model's simplicity, given any computer algorithm, a Turing machine capable of simulating that algorithm's logic can be constructed.<br />
The machine operates on an infinite memory tape divided into discrete cells.
The machine positions its head over a cell and "reads" (scans) the symbol there. Then, as per the symbol and its present place in a finite table of user-specified instructions,
the machine (i) writes a symbol (e.g., a digit or a letter from a finite alphabet) in the cell (some models allowing symbol erasure or no writing),
then (ii) either moves the tape one cell left or right (some models allow no motion, some models move the head),[9] then (iii) (as determined by the observed symbol and the
machine's place in the table) either proceeds to a subsequent instruction or halts the computation.
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