macros.tex

%%%% MACROS FOR NOTATION %%%%
% Use these for any notation where there are multiple options.

%%% Notes and exercise sections
\makeatletter
\newcommand{\sectionNotes}{\phantomsection\section*{Notes}\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Notes}\markright{\textsc{\@chapapp{} \thechapter{} Notes}}}
\newcommand{\sectionExercises}[1]{\phantomsection\section*{Exercises}\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Exercises}\markright{\textsc{\@chapapp{} \thechapter{} Exercises}}}
\makeatother

%%% Definitional equality (used infix) %%%
\newcommand{\jdeq}{\equiv}      % An equality judgment
\let\judgeq\jdeq
%\newcommand{\defeq}{\coloneqq}  % An equality currently being defined
\newcommand{\defeq}{\vcentcolon\equiv}  % A judgmental equality currently being defined

%%% Term being defined
\newcommand{\define}[1]{\textbf{#1}}

%%% Vec (for example)

\newcommand{\Vect}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{Vec}}}
\newcommand{\Fin}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{Fin}}}
\newcommand{\fmax}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{fmax}}}
\newcommand{\seq}[1]{\langle #1\rangle}

%%% Dependent products %%%
\def\prdsym{\textstyle\prod}
%% Call the macro like \prd{x,y:A}{p:x=y} with any number of
%% arguments.  Make sure that whatever comes *after* the call doesn't
%% begin with an open-brace, or it will be parsed as another argument.
\makeatletter
% Currently the macro is configured to produce
%     {\textstyle\prod}(x:A) \; {\textstyle\prod}(y:B),{\ }
% in display-math mode, and
%     \prod_{(x:A)} \prod_{y:B}
% in text-math mode.
% \def\prd#1{\@ifnextchar\bgroup{\prd@parens{#1}}{%
%     \@ifnextchar\sm{\prd@parens{#1}\@eatsm}{%
%         \prd@noparens{#1}}}}
\def\prd#1{\@ifnextchar\bgroup{\prd@parens{#1}}{%
    \@ifnextchar\sm{\prd@parens{#1}\@eatsm}{%
    \@ifnextchar\prd{\prd@parens{#1}\@eatprd}{%
    \@ifnextchar\;{\prd@parens{#1}\@eatsemicolonspace}{%
    \@ifnextchar\\{\prd@parens{#1}\@eatlinebreak}{%
    \@ifnextchar\narrowbreak{\prd@parens{#1}\@eatnarrowbreak}{%
      \prd@noparens{#1}}}}}}}}
\def\prd@parens#1{\@ifnextchar\bgroup%
  {\mathchoice{\@dprd{#1}}{\@tprd{#1}}{\@tprd{#1}}{\@tprd{#1}}\prd@parens}%
  {\@ifnextchar\sm%
    {\mathchoice{\@dprd{#1}}{\@tprd{#1}}{\@tprd{#1}}{\@tprd{#1}}\@eatsm}%
    {\mathchoice{\@dprd{#1}}{\@tprd{#1}}{\@tprd{#1}}{\@tprd{#1}}}}}
\def\@eatsm\sm{\sm@parens}
\def\prd@noparens#1{\mathchoice{\@dprd@noparens{#1}}{\@tprd{#1}}{\@tprd{#1}}{\@tprd{#1}}}
% Helper macros for three styles
\def\lprd#1{\@ifnextchar\bgroup{\@lprd{#1}\lprd}{\@@lprd{#1}}}
\def\@lprd#1{\mathchoice{{\textstyle\prod}}{\prod}{\prod}{\prod}({\textstyle #1})\;}
\def\@@lprd#1{\mathchoice{{\textstyle\prod}}{\prod}{\prod}{\prod}({\textstyle #1}),\ }
\def\tprd#1{\@tprd{#1}\@ifnextchar\bgroup{\tprd}{}}
\def\@tprd#1{\mathchoice{{\textstyle\prod_{(#1)}}}{\prod_{(#1)}}{\prod_{(#1)}}{\prod_{(#1)}}}
\def\dprd#1{\@dprd{#1}\@ifnextchar\bgroup{\dprd}{}}
\def\@dprd#1{\prod_{(#1)}\,}
\def\@dprd@noparens#1{\prod_{#1}\,}

% Look through spaces and linebreaks
\def\@eatnarrowbreak\narrowbreak{%
  \@ifnextchar\prd{\narrowbreak\@eatprd}{%
    \@ifnextchar\sm{\narrowbreak\@eatsm}{%
      \narrowbreak}}}
\def\@eatlinebreak\\{%
  \@ifnextchar\prd{\\\@eatprd}{%
    \@ifnextchar\sm{\\\@eatsm}{%
      \\}}}
\def\@eatsemicolonspace\;{%
  \@ifnextchar\prd{\;\@eatprd}{%
    \@ifnextchar\sm{\;\@eatsm}{%
      \;}}}

%%% Lambda abstractions.
% Each variable being abstracted over is a separate argument.  If
% there is more than one such argument, they *must* be enclosed in
% braces.  Arguments can be untyped, as in \lam{x}{y}, or typed with a
% colon, as in \lam{x:A}{y:B}. In the latter case, the colons are
% automatically noticed and (with current implementation) the space
% around the colon is reduced.  You can even give more than one variable
% the same type, as in \lam{x,y:A}.
\def\lam#1{{\lambda}\@lamarg#1:\@endlamarg\@ifnextchar\bgroup{.\,\lam}{.\,}}
\def\@lamarg#1:#2\@endlamarg{\if\relax\detokenize{#2}\relax #1\else\@lamvar{\@lameatcolon#2},#1\@endlamvar\fi}
\def\@lamvar#1,#2\@endlamvar{(#2\,{:}\,#1)}
% \def\@lamvar#1,#2{{#2}^{#1}\@ifnextchar,{.\,{\lambda}\@lamvar{#1}}{\let\@endlamvar\relax}}
\def\@lameatcolon#1:{#1}
\let\lamt\lam
% This version silently eats any typing annotation.
\def\lamu#1{{\lambda}\@lamuarg#1:\@endlamuarg\@ifnextchar\bgroup{.\,\lamu}{.\,}}
\def\@lamuarg#1:#2\@endlamuarg{#1}

%%% Dependent products written with \forall, in the same style
\def\fall#1{\forall (#1)\@ifnextchar\bgroup{.\,\fall}{.\,}}

%%% Existential quantifier %%%
\def\exis#1{\exists (#1)\@ifnextchar\bgroup{.\,\exis}{.\,}}

%%% Dependent sums %%%
\def\smsym{\textstyle\sum}
% Use in the same way as \prd
\def\sm#1{\@ifnextchar\bgroup{\sm@parens{#1}}{%
    \@ifnextchar\prd{\sm@parens{#1}\@eatprd}{%
    \@ifnextchar\sm{\sm@parens{#1}\@eatsm}{%
    \@ifnextchar\;{\sm@parens{#1}\@eatsemicolonspace}{%
    \@ifnextchar\\{\sm@parens{#1}\@eatlinebreak}{%
    \@ifnextchar\narrowbreak{\sm@parens{#1}\@eatnarrowbreak}{%
        \sm@noparens{#1}}}}}}}}
\def\sm@parens#1{\@ifnextchar\bgroup%
  {\mathchoice{\@dsm{#1}}{\@tsm{#1}}{\@tsm{#1}}{\@tsm{#1}}\sm@parens}%
  {\@ifnextchar\prd%
    {\mathchoice{\@dsm{#1}}{\@tsm{#1}}{\@tsm{#1}}{\@tsm{#1}}\@eatprd}%
    {\mathchoice{\@dsm{#1}}{\@tsm{#1}}{\@tsm{#1}}{\@tsm{#1}}}}}
\def\@eatprd\prd{\prd@parens}
\def\sm@noparens#1{\mathchoice{\@dsm@noparens{#1}}{\@tsm{#1}}{\@tsm{#1}}{\@tsm{#1}}}
\def\lsm#1{\@ifnextchar\bgroup{\@lsm{#1}\lsm}{\@@lsm{#1}}}
\def\@lsm#1{\mathchoice{{\textstyle\sum}}{\sum}{\sum}{\sum}({\textstyle #1})\;}
\def\@@lsm#1{\mathchoice{{\textstyle\sum}}{\sum}{\sum}{\sum}({\textstyle #1}),\ }
\def\tsm#1{\@tsm{#1}\@ifnextchar\bgroup{\tsm}{}}
\def\@tsm#1{\mathchoice{{\textstyle\sum_{(#1)}}}{\sum_{(#1)}}{\sum_{(#1)}}{\sum_{(#1)}}}
\def\dsm#1{\@dsm{#1}\@ifnextchar\bgroup{\dsm}{}}
\def\@dsm#1{\sum_{(#1)}\,}
\def\@dsm@noparens#1{\sum_{#1}\,}

%%% W-types
\def\wtypesym{{\mathsf{W}}}
\def\wtype#1{\@ifnextchar\bgroup%
  {\mathchoice{\@twtype{#1}}{\@twtype{#1}}{\@twtype{#1}}{\@twtype{#1}}\wtype}%
  {\mathchoice{\@twtype{#1}}{\@twtype{#1}}{\@twtype{#1}}{\@twtype{#1}}}}
\def\lwtype#1{\@ifnextchar\bgroup{\@lwtype{#1}\lwtype}{\@@lwtype{#1}}}
\def\@lwtype#1{\mathchoice{{\textstyle\mathsf{W}}}{\mathsf{W}}{\mathsf{W}}{\mathsf{W}}({\textstyle #1})\;}
\def\@@lwtype#1{\mathchoice{{\textstyle\mathsf{W}}}{\mathsf{W}}{\mathsf{W}}{\mathsf{W}}({\textstyle #1}),\ }
\def\twtype#1{\@twtype{#1}\@ifnextchar\bgroup{\twtype}{}}
\def\@twtype#1{\mathchoice{{\textstyle\mathsf{W}_{(#1)}}}{\mathsf{W}_{(#1)}}{\mathsf{W}_{(#1)}}{\mathsf{W}_{(#1)}}}
\def\dwtype#1{\@dwtype{#1}\@ifnextchar\bgroup{\dwtype}{}}
\def\@dwtype#1{\mathsf{W}_{(#1)}\,}

\newcommand{\suppsym}{{\mathsf{sup}}}
\newcommand{\supp}{\ensuremath\suppsym\xspace}

\def\wtypeh#1{\@ifnextchar\bgroup%
  {\mathchoice{\@lwtypeh{#1}}{\@twtypeh{#1}}{\@twtypeh{#1}}{\@twtypeh{#1}}\wtypeh}%
  {\mathchoice{\@@lwtypeh{#1}}{\@twtypeh{#1}}{\@twtypeh{#1}}{\@twtypeh{#1}}}}
\def\lwtypeh#1{\@ifnextchar\bgroup{\@lwtypeh{#1}\lwtypeh}{\@@lwtypeh{#1}}}
\def\@lwtypeh#1{\mathchoice{{\textstyle\mathsf{W}^h}}{\mathsf{W}^h}{\mathsf{W}^h}{\mathsf{W}^h}({\textstyle #1})\;}
\def\@@lwtypeh#1{\mathchoice{{\textstyle\mathsf{W}^h}}{\mathsf{W}^h}{\mathsf{W}^h}{\mathsf{W}^h}({\textstyle #1}),\ }
\def\twtypeh#1{\@twtypeh{#1}\@ifnextchar\bgroup{\twtypeh}{}}
\def\@twtypeh#1{\mathchoice{{\textstyle\mathsf{W}^h_{(#1)}}}{\mathsf{W}^h_{(#1)}}{\mathsf{W}^h_{(#1)}}{\mathsf{W}^h_{(#1)}}}
\def\dwtypeh#1{\@dwtypeh{#1}\@ifnextchar\bgroup{\dwtypeh}{}}
\def\@dwtypeh#1{\mathsf{W}^h_{(#1)}\,}


\makeatother

% Other notations related to dependent sums
\let\setof\Set    % from package 'braket', write \setof{ x:A | P(x) }.
\newcommand{\pair}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{pair}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\tup}[2]{(#1,#2)}
\newcommand{\proj}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathsf{pr}_{#1}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\fst}{\ensuremath{\proj1}\xspace}
\newcommand{\snd}{\ensuremath{\proj2}\xspace}
\newcommand{\ac}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{ac}}\xspace} % not needed in symbol index

%%% recursor and induction
\newcommand{\rec}[1]{\mathsf{rec}_{#1}}
\newcommand{\ind}[1]{\mathsf{ind}_{#1}}
\newcommand{\indid}[1]{\ind{=_{#1}}} % (Martin-Lof) path induction principle for identity types
\newcommand{\indidb}[1]{\ind{=_{#1}}'} % (Paulin-Mohring) based path induction principle for identity types

%%% Uniqueness principles
\newcommand{\uniq}[1]{\mathsf{uniq}_{#1}}

% Paths in pairs
\newcommand{\pairpath}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{pair}^{\mathord{=}}}\xspace}
% \newcommand{\projpath}[1]{\proj{#1}^{\mathord{=}}}
\newcommand{\projpath}[1]{\ensuremath{\apfunc{\proj{#1}}}\xspace}

%%% For quotients %%%
%\newcommand{\pairr}[1]{{\langle #1\rangle}}
\newcommand{\pairr}[1]{{\mathopen{}(#1)\mathclose{}}}
\newcommand{\Pairr}[1]{{\mathopen{}\left(#1\right)\mathclose{}}}

% \newcommand{\type}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{Type}}} % this command is overridden below, so it's commented out
\newcommand{\im}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{im}}} % the image

%%% 2D path operations
\newcommand{\leftwhisker}{\mathbin{{\ct}_{\mathsf{l}}}}  % was \ell
\newcommand{\rightwhisker}{\mathbin{{\ct}_{\mathsf{r}}}} % was r
\newcommand{\hct}{\star}

%%% modalities %%%
\newcommand{\modal}{\ensuremath{\ocircle}}
\let\reflect\modal
\newcommand{\modaltype}{\ensuremath{\type_\modal}}
% \newcommand{\ism}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathsf{is}_{#1}}}
% \newcommand{\ismodal}{\ism{\modal}}
% \newcommand{\existsmodal}{\ensuremath{{\exists}_{\modal}}}
% \newcommand{\existsmodalunique}{\ensuremath{{\exists!}_{\modal}}}
% \newcommand{\modalfunc}{\textsf{\modal-fun}}
% \newcommand{\Ecirc}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{E}_\modal}}
% \newcommand{\Mcirc}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{M}_\modal}}
\newcommand{\mreturn}{\ensuremath{\eta}}
\let\project\mreturn
%\newcommand{\mbind}[1]{\ensuremath{\hat{#1}}}
\newcommand{\ext}{\mathsf{ext}}
%\newcommand{\mmap}[1]{\ensuremath{\bar{#1}}}
%\newcommand{\mjoin}{\ensuremath{\mreturn^{-1}}}
% Subuniverse
\renewcommand{\P}{\ensuremath{\type_{P}}\xspace}

%%% Localizations
% \newcommand{\islocal}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathsf{islocal}_{#1}}\xspace}
% \newcommand{\loc}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathcal{L}_{#1}}\xspace}

%%% Identity types %%%
\newcommand{\idsym}{{=}}
\newcommand{\id}[3][]{\ensuremath{#2 =_{#1} #3}\xspace}
\newcommand{\idtype}[3][]{\ensuremath{\mathsf{Id}_{#1}(#2,#3)}\xspace}
\newcommand{\idtypevar}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathsf{Id}_{#1}}\xspace}
% A propositional equality currently being defined
\newcommand{\defid}{\coloneqq}

%%% Dependent paths
\newcommand{\dpath}[4]{#3 =^{#1}_{#2} #4}

%%% singleton
% \newcommand{\sgl}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{sgl}}\xspace}
% \newcommand{\sctr}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{sctr}}\xspace}

%%% Reflexivity terms %%%
% \newcommand{\reflsym}{{\mathsf{refl}}}
\newcommand{\refl}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathsf{refl}_{#1}}\xspace}

%%% Path concatenation (used infix, in diagrammatic order) %%%
\newcommand{\ct}{%
  \mathchoice{\mathbin{\raisebox{0.5ex}{$\displaystyle\centerdot$}}}%
             {\mathbin{\raisebox{0.5ex}{$\centerdot$}}}%
             {\mathbin{\raisebox{0.25ex}{$\scriptstyle\,\centerdot\,$}}}%
             {\mathbin{\raisebox{0.1ex}{$\scriptscriptstyle\,\centerdot\,$}}}
}

%%% Path reversal %%%
\newcommand{\opp}[1]{\mathord{{#1}^{-1}}}
\let\rev\opp

%%% Transport (covariant) %%%
\newcommand{\trans}[2]{\ensuremath{{#1}_{*}\mathopen{}\left({#2}\right)\mathclose{}}\xspace}
\let\Trans\trans
%\newcommand{\Trans}[2]{\ensuremath{{#1}_{*}\left({#2}\right)}\xspace}
\newcommand{\transf}[1]{\ensuremath{{#1}_{*}}\xspace} % Without argument
%\newcommand{\transport}[2]{\ensuremath{\mathsf{transport}_{*} \: {#2}\xspace}}
\newcommand{\transfib}[3]{\ensuremath{\mathsf{transport}^{#1}(#2,#3)\xspace}}
\newcommand{\Transfib}[3]{\ensuremath{\mathsf{transport}^{#1}\Big(#2,\, #3\Big)\xspace}}
\newcommand{\transfibf}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathsf{transport}^{#1}\xspace}}

%%% 2D transport
\newcommand{\transtwo}[2]{\ensuremath{\mathsf{transport}^2\mathopen{}\left({#1},{#2}\right)\mathclose{}}\xspace}

%%% Constant transport
\newcommand{\transconst}[3]{\ensuremath{\mathsf{transportconst}}^{#1}_{#2}(#3)\xspace}
\newcommand{\transconstf}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{transportconst}}\xspace}

%%% Map on paths %%%
\newcommand{\mapfunc}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathsf{ap}_{#1}}\xspace} % Without argument
\newcommand{\map}[2]{\ensuremath{{#1}\mathopen{}\left({#2}\right)\mathclose{}}\xspace}
\let\Ap\map
%\newcommand{\Ap}[2]{\ensuremath{{#1}\left({#2}\right)}\xspace}
\newcommand{\mapdepfunc}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathsf{apd}_{#1}}\xspace} % Without argument
% \newcommand{\mapdep}[2]{\ensuremath{{#1}\llparenthesis{#2}\rrparenthesis}\xspace}
\newcommand{\mapdep}[2]{\ensuremath{\mapdepfunc{#1}\mathopen{}\left(#2\right)\mathclose{}}\xspace}
\let\apfunc\mapfunc
\let\ap\map
\let\apdfunc\mapdepfunc
\let\apd\mapdep

%%% 2D map on paths
\newcommand{\aptwofunc}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathsf{ap}^2_{#1}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\aptwo}[2]{\ensuremath{\aptwofunc{#1}\mathopen{}\left({#2}\right)\mathclose{}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\apdtwofunc}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathsf{apd}^2_{#1}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\apdtwo}[2]{\ensuremath{\apdtwofunc{#1}\mathopen{}\left(#2\right)\mathclose{}}\xspace}

%%% Identity functions %%%
\newcommand{\idfunc}[1][]{\ensuremath{\mathsf{id}_{#1}}\xspace}

%%% Homotopies (written infix) %%%
\newcommand{\htpy}{\sim}

%%% Other meanings of \sim
\newcommand{\bisim}{\sim}       % bisimulation
\newcommand{\eqr}{\sim}         % an equivalence relation

%%% Equivalence types %%%
\newcommand{\eqv}[2]{\ensuremath{#1 \simeq #2}\xspace}
\newcommand{\eqvspaced}[2]{\ensuremath{#1 \;\simeq\; #2}\xspace}
\newcommand{\eqvsym}{\simeq}    % infix symbol
\newcommand{\texteqv}[2]{\ensuremath{\mathsf{Equiv}(#1,#2)}\xspace}
\newcommand{\isequiv}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{isequiv}}}
\newcommand{\qinv}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{qinv}}}
\newcommand{\ishae}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{ishae}}}
\newcommand{\linv}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{linv}}}
\newcommand{\rinv}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{rinv}}}
\newcommand{\biinv}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{biinv}}}
\newcommand{\lcoh}[3]{\mathsf{lcoh}_{#1}(#2,#3)}
\newcommand{\rcoh}[3]{\mathsf{rcoh}_{#1}(#2,#3)}
\newcommand{\hfib}[2]{{\mathsf{fib}}_{#1}(#2)}

%%% Map on total spaces %%%
\newcommand{\total}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathsf{total}(#1)}}

%%% Universe types %%%
%\newcommand{\type}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{Type}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\UU}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{U}}\xspace}
\let\bbU\UU
\let\type\UU
% Universes of truncated types
\newcommand{\typele}[1]{\ensuremath{{#1}\text-\mathsf{Type}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\typeleU}[1]{\ensuremath{{#1}\text-\mathsf{Type}_\UU}\xspace}
\newcommand{\typelep}[1]{\ensuremath{{(#1)}\text-\mathsf{Type}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\typelepU}[1]{\ensuremath{{(#1)}\text-\mathsf{Type}_\UU}\xspace}
\let\ntype\typele
\let\ntypeU\typeleU
\let\ntypep\typelep
\let\ntypepU\typelepU
\renewcommand{\set}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{Set}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\setU}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{Set}_\UU}\xspace}
\newcommand{\prop}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{Prop}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\propU}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{Prop}_\UU}\xspace}
%Pointed types
\newcommand{\pointed}[1]{\ensuremath{#1_\bullet}}

%%% Ordinals and cardinals
\newcommand{\card}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{Card}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\ord}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{Ord}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\ordsl}[2]{{#1}_{/#2}}

%%% Univalence
\newcommand{\ua}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{ua}}\xspace} % the inverse of idtoeqv
\newcommand{\idtoeqv}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{idtoeqv}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\univalence}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{univalence}}\xspace} % the full axiom

%%% Truncation levels
\newcommand{\iscontr}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{isContr}}}
\newcommand{\contr}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{contr}}} % The path to the center of contraction
\newcommand{\isset}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{isSet}}}
\newcommand{\isprop}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{isProp}}}
% h-propositions
% \newcommand{\anhprop}{a mere proposition\xspace}
% \newcommand{\hprops}{mere propositions\xspace}

%%% Homotopy fibers %%%
%\newcommand{\hfiber}[2]{\ensuremath{\mathsf{hFiber}(#1,#2)}\xspace}
\let\hfiber\hfib

%%% Bracket/squash/truncation types %%%
% \newcommand{\brck}[1]{\textsf{mere}(#1)}
% \newcommand{\Brck}[1]{\textsf{mere}\Big(#1\Big)}
% \newcommand{\trunc}[2]{\tau_{#1}(#2)}
% \newcommand{\Trunc}[2]{\tau_{#1}\Big(#2\Big)}
% \newcommand{\truncf}[1]{\tau_{#1}}
%\newcommand{\trunc}[2]{\Vert #2\Vert_{#1}}
\newcommand{\trunc}[2]{\mathopen{}\left\Vert #2\right\Vert_{#1}\mathclose{}}
\newcommand{\ttrunc}[2]{\bigl\Vert #2\bigr\Vert_{#1}}
\newcommand{\Trunc}[2]{\Bigl\Vert #2\Bigr\Vert_{#1}}
\newcommand{\truncf}[1]{\Vert \blank \Vert_{#1}}
\newcommand{\tproj}[3][]{\mathopen{}\left|#3\right|_{#2}^{#1}\mathclose{}}
\newcommand{\tprojf}[2][]{|\blank|_{#2}^{#1}}
\def\pizero{\trunc0}
%\newcommand{\brck}[1]{\trunc{-1}{#1}}
%\newcommand{\Brck}[1]{\Trunc{-1}{#1}}
%\newcommand{\bproj}[1]{\tproj{-1}{#1}}
%\newcommand{\bprojf}{\tprojf{-1}}

\newcommand{\brck}[1]{\trunc{}{#1}}
\newcommand{\bbrck}[1]{\ttrunc{}{#1}}
\newcommand{\Brck}[1]{\Trunc{}{#1}}
\newcommand{\bproj}[1]{\tproj{}{#1}}
\newcommand{\bprojf}{\tprojf{}}

% Big parentheses
\newcommand{\Parens}[1]{\Bigl(#1\Bigr)}

% Projection and extension for truncations
\let\extendsmb\ext
\newcommand{\extend}[1]{\extendsmb(#1)}

%
%%% The empty type
\newcommand{\emptyt}{\ensuremath{\mathbf{0}}\xspace}

%%% The unit type
\newcommand{\unit}{\ensuremath{\mathbf{1}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\ttt}{\ensuremath{\star}\xspace}

%%% The two-element type
\newcommand{\bool}{\ensuremath{\mathbf{2}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\btrue}{{1_{\bool}}}
\newcommand{\bfalse}{{0_{\bool}}}

%%% Injections into binary sums and pushouts
\newcommand{\inlsym}{{\mathsf{inl}}}
\newcommand{\inrsym}{{\mathsf{inr}}}
\newcommand{\inl}{\ensuremath\inlsym\xspace}
\newcommand{\inr}{\ensuremath\inrsym\xspace}

%%% The segment of the interval
\newcommand{\seg}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{seg}}\xspace}

%%% Free groups
\newcommand{\freegroup}[1]{F(#1)}
\newcommand{\freegroupx}[1]{F'(#1)} % the "other" free group

%%% Glue of a pushout
\newcommand{\glue}{\mathsf{glue}}

%%% Colimits
\newcommand{\colim}{\mathsf{colim}}
\newcommand{\inc}{\mathsf{inc}}
\newcommand{\cmp}{\mathsf{cmp}}

%%% Circles and spheres
\newcommand{\Sn}{\mathbb{S}}
\newcommand{\base}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{base}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\lloop}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{loop}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\surf}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{surf}}\xspace}

%%% Suspension
\newcommand{\susp}{\Sigma}
\newcommand{\north}{\mathsf{N}}
\newcommand{\south}{\mathsf{S}}
\newcommand{\merid}{\mathsf{merid}}

%%% Blanks (shorthand for lambda abstractions)
\newcommand{\blank}{\mathord{\hspace{1pt}\text{--}\hspace{1pt}}}

%%% Nameless objects
\newcommand{\nameless}{\mathord{\hspace{1pt}\underline{\hspace{1ex}}\hspace{1pt}}}

%%% Some decorations
%\newcommand{\bbU}{\ensuremath{\mathbb{U}}\xspace}
% \newcommand{\bbB}{\ensuremath{\mathbb{B}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\bbP}{\ensuremath{\mathbb{P}}\xspace}

%%% Some categories
\newcommand{\uset}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{S}et}\xspace}
\newcommand{\ucat}{\ensuremath{{\mathcal{C}at}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\urel}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{R}el}\xspace}
\newcommand{\uhilb}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{H}ilb}\xspace}
\newcommand{\utype}{\ensuremath{\mathcal{T}\!ype}\xspace}

% Pullback corner
\newbox\pbbox
\setbox\pbbox=\hbox{\xy \POS(65,0)\ar@{-} (0,0) \ar@{-} (65,65)\endxy}
\def\pb{\save[]+<3.5mm,-3.5mm>*{\copy\pbbox} \restore}

% Macros for the categories chapter
\newcommand{\inv}[1]{{#1}^{-1}}
\newcommand{\idtoiso}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{idtoiso}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\isotoid}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{isotoid}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\op}{^{\mathrm{op}}}
\newcommand{\y}{\ensuremath{\mathbf{y}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\dgr}[1]{{#1}^{\dagger}}
\newcommand{\unitaryiso}{\mathrel{\cong^\dagger}}
\newcommand{\cteqv}[2]{\ensuremath{#1 \simeq #2}\xspace}
\newcommand{\cteqvsym}{\simeq}     % Symbol for equivalence of categories

%%% Natural numbers
\newcommand{\N}{\ensuremath{\mathbb{N}}\xspace}
%\newcommand{\N}{\textbf{N}}
\let\nat\N
\newcommand{\natp}{\ensuremath{\nat'}\xspace} % alternative nat in induction chapter

\newcommand{\zerop}{\ensuremath{0'}\xspace}   % alternative zero in induction chapter
\newcommand{\suc}{\mathsf{succ}}
\newcommand{\sucp}{\ensuremath{\suc'}\xspace} % alternative suc in induction chapter
\newcommand{\add}{\mathsf{add}}
\newcommand{\ack}{\mathsf{ack}}
\newcommand{\ite}{\mathsf{iter}}
\newcommand{\assoc}{\mathsf{assoc}}
\newcommand{\dbl}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{double}}}
\newcommand{\dblp}{\ensuremath{\dbl'}\xspace} % alternative double in induction chapter


%%% Lists
\newcommand{\lst}[1]{\mathsf{List}(#1)}
\newcommand{\nil}{\mathsf{nil}}
\newcommand{\cons}{\mathsf{cons}}
\newcommand{\lost}[1]{\mathsf{Lost}(#1)}

%%% Vectors of given length, used in induction chapter
\newcommand{\vect}[2]{\ensuremath{\mathsf{Vec}_{#1}(#2)}\xspace}

%%% Integers
\newcommand{\Z}{\ensuremath{\mathbb{Z}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\Zsuc}{\mathsf{succ}}
\newcommand{\Zpred}{\mathsf{pred}}

%%% Rationals
\newcommand{\Q}{\ensuremath{\mathbb{Q}}\xspace}

%%% Function extensionality
\newcommand{\funext}{\mathsf{funext}}
\newcommand{\happly}{\mathsf{happly}}

%%% A naturality lemma
\newcommand{\com}[3]{\mathsf{swap}_{#1,#2}(#3)}

%%% Code/encode/decode
\newcommand{\code}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{code}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\encode}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{encode}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\decode}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{decode}}\xspace}

% Function definition with domain and codomain
\newcommand{\function}[4]{\left\{\begin{array}{rcl}#1 &
      \longrightarrow & #2 \\ #3 & \longmapsto & #4 \end{array}\right.}

%%% Cones and cocones
\newcommand{\cone}[2]{\mathsf{cone}_{#1}(#2)}
\newcommand{\cocone}[2]{\mathsf{cocone}_{#1}(#2)}
% Apply a function to a cocone
\newcommand{\composecocone}[2]{#1\circ#2}
\newcommand{\composecone}[2]{#2\circ#1}
%%% Diagrams
\newcommand{\Ddiag}{\mathscr{D}}

%%% (pointed) mapping spaces
\newcommand{\Map}{\mathsf{Map}}

%%% The interval
\newcommand{\interval}{\ensuremath{I}\xspace}
\newcommand{\izero}{\ensuremath{0_{\interval}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\ione}{\ensuremath{1_{\interval}}\xspace}

%%% Arrows
\newcommand{\epi}{\ensuremath{\twoheadrightarrow}}
\newcommand{\mono}{\ensuremath{\rightarrowtail}}

%%% Sets
\newcommand{\bin}{\ensuremath{\mathrel{\widetilde{\in}}}}

%%% Semigroup structure
\newcommand{\semigroupstrsym}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{SemigroupStr}}}
\newcommand{\semigroupstr}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathsf{SemigroupStr}}(#1)}
\newcommand{\semigroup}[0]{\ensuremath{\mathsf{Semigroup}}}

%%% Macros for the formal type theory
\newcommand{\emptyctx}{\ensuremath{\cdot}}
\newcommand{\production}{\vcentcolon\vcentcolon=}
\newcommand{\conv}{\downarrow}
\newcommand{\ctx}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{ctx}}}
\newcommand{\wfctx}[1]{#1\ \ctx}
\newcommand{\oftp}[3]{#1 \vdash #2 : #3}
\newcommand{\jdeqtp}[4]{#1 \vdash #2 \jdeq #3 : #4}
\newcommand{\judg}[2]{#1 \vdash #2}
\newcommand{\tmtp}[2]{#1 \mathord{:} #2}

% rule names
\newcommand{\rform}{\textsc{form}}
\newcommand{\rintro}{\textsc{intro}}
\newcommand{\relim}{\textsc{elim}}
\newcommand{\rcomp}{\textsc{comp}}
\newcommand{\runiq}{\textsc{uniq}}
\newcommand{\Weak}{\mathsf{Wkg}}
\newcommand{\Vble}{\mathsf{Vble}}
\newcommand{\Exch}{\mathsf{Exch}}
\newcommand{\Subst}{\mathsf{Subst}}

%%% Macros for HITs
\newcommand{\cc}{\mathsf{c}}
\newcommand{\pp}{\mathsf{p}}
\newcommand{\cct}{\widetilde{\mathsf{c}}}
\newcommand{\ppt}{\widetilde{\mathsf{p}}}
\newcommand{\Wtil}{\ensuremath{\widetilde{W}}\xspace}

%%% Macros for n-types
\newcommand{\istype}[1]{\mathsf{is}\mbox{-}{#1}\mbox{-}\mathsf{type}}
\newcommand{\nplusone}{\ensuremath{(n+1)}}
\newcommand{\nminusone}{\ensuremath{(n-1)}}
\newcommand{\fact}{\mathsf{fact}}

%%% Macros for homotopy
\newcommand{\kbar}{\overline{k}} % Used in van Kampen's theorem

%%% Macros for induction
\newcommand{\natw}{\ensuremath{\mathbf{N^w}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\zerow}{\ensuremath{0^\mathbf{w}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\sucw}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{succ}^{\mathbf{w}}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\nalg}{\nat\mathsf{Alg}}
\newcommand{\nhom}{\nat\mathsf{Hom}}
\newcommand{\ishinitw}{\mathsf{isHinit}_{\mathsf{W}}}
\newcommand{\ishinitn}{\mathsf{isHinit}_\nat}
\newcommand{\w}{\mathsf{W}}
\newcommand{\walg}{\w\mathsf{Alg}}
\newcommand{\whom}{\w\mathsf{Hom}}

%%% Macros for real numbers
\newcommand{\RC}{\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}_\mathsf{c}}\xspace} % Cauchy
\newcommand{\RD}{\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}_\mathsf{d}}\xspace} % Dedekind
\newcommand{\R}{\ensuremath{\mathbb{R}}\xspace}           % Either
\newcommand{\barRD}{\ensuremath{\bar{\mathbb{R}}_\mathsf{d}}\xspace} % Dedekind completion of Dedekind

\newcommand{\close}[1]{\sim_{#1}} % Relation of closeness
\newcommand{\closesym}{\mathord\sim}
\newcommand{\rclim}{\mathsf{lim}} % HIT constructor for Cauchy reals
\newcommand{\rcrat}{\mathsf{rat}} % Embedding of rationals into Cauchy reals
\newcommand{\rceq}{\mathsf{eq}_{\RC}} % HIT path constructor
\newcommand{\CAP}{\mathcal{C}}    % The type of Cauchy approximations
\newcommand{\Qp}{\Q_{+}}
\newcommand{\apart}{\mathrel{\#}}  % apartness
\newcommand{\dcut}{\mathsf{isCut}}  % Dedekind cut
\newcommand{\cover}{\triangleleft} % inductive cover
\newcommand{\intfam}[3]{(#2, \lam{#1} #3)} % family of rational intervals

% Macros for the Cauchy reals construction
\newcommand{\bsim}{\frown}
\newcommand{\bbsim}{\smile}

\newcommand{\hapx}{\diamondsuit\approx}
\newcommand{\hapname}{\diamondsuit}
\newcommand{\hapxb}{\heartsuit\approx}
\newcommand{\hapbname}{\heartsuit}
\newcommand{\tap}[1]{\bullet\approx_{#1}\triangle}
\newcommand{\tapname}{\triangle}
\newcommand{\tapb}[1]{\bullet\approx_{#1}\square}
\newcommand{\tapbname}{\square}

%%% Macros for surreals
\newcommand{\NO}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{No}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\surr}[2]{\{\,#1\,\big|\,#2\,\}}
\newcommand{\LL}{\mathcal{L}}
\newcommand{\RR}{\mathcal{R}}
\newcommand{\noeq}{\mathsf{eq}_{\NO}} % HIT path constructor

\newcommand{\ble}{\trianglelefteqslant}
\newcommand{\blt}{\vartriangleleft}
\newcommand{\bble}{\sqsubseteq}
\newcommand{\bblt}{\sqsubset}

\newcommand{\hle}{\diamondsuit\preceq}
\newcommand{\hlt}{\diamondsuit\prec}
\newcommand{\hlname}{\diamondsuit}
\newcommand{\hleb}{\heartsuit\preceq}
\newcommand{\hltb}{\heartsuit\prec}
\newcommand{\hlbname}{\heartsuit}
% \newcommand{\tle}{(\bullet\preceq\triangle)}
% \newcommand{\tlt}{(\bullet\prec\triangle)}
\newcommand{\tle}{\triangle\preceq}
\newcommand{\tlt}{\triangle\prec}
\newcommand{\tlname}{\triangle}
% \newcommand{\tleb}{(\bullet\preceq\square)}
% \newcommand{\tltb}{(\bullet\prec\square)}
\newcommand{\tleb}{\square\preceq}
\newcommand{\tltb}{\square\prec}
\newcommand{\tlbname}{\square}

%%% Macros for set theory
\newcommand{\vset}{\mathsf{set}}  % point constructor for cummulative hierarchy V
\def\cd{\tproj0}
\newcommand{\inj}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{inj}}} % type of injections
\newcommand{\acc}{\ensuremath{\mathsf{acc}}} % accessibility

\newcommand{\atMostOne}{\mathsf{atMostOne}}

\newcommand{\power}[1]{\mathcal{P}(#1)} % power set
\newcommand{\powerp}[1]{\mathcal{P}_+(#1)} % inhabited power set

%%%% THEOREM ENVIRONMENTS %%%%

% The cleveref package provides \cref{...} which is like \ref{...}
% except that it automatically inserts the type of the thing you're
% referring to, e.g. it produces "Theorem 3.8" instead of just "3.8"
% (and hyperref makes the whole thing a hyperlink).  This saves a slight amount
% of typing, but more importantly it means that if you decide later on
% that 3.8 should be a Lemma or a Definition instead of a Theorem, you
% don't have to change the name in all the places you referred to it.

% The following hack improves on this by using the same counter for
% all theorem-type environments, so that after Theorem 1.1 comes
% Corollary 1.2 rather than Corollary 1.1.  This makes it much easier
% for the reader to find a particular theorem when flipping through
% the document.
\makeatletter
\def\defthm#1#2#3{%
  %% Ensure all theorem types are numbered with the same counter
  \newaliascnt{#1}{thm}
  \newtheorem{#1}[#1]{#2}
  \aliascntresetthe{#1}
  %% This command tells cleveref's \cref what to call things
  \crefname{#1}{#2}{#3}% following brace must be on separate line to support poorman cleveref sed file
}

% Now define a bunch of theorem-type environments.
\newtheorem{thm}{Theorem}[section]
\crefname{thm}{Theorem}{Theorems}
%\defthm{prop}{Proposition}   % Probably we shouldn't use "Proposition" in this way
\defthm{cor}{Corollary}{Corollaries}
\defthm{lem}{Lemma}{Lemmas}
\defthm{axiom}{Axiom}{Axioms}
% Since definitions and theorems in type theory are synonymous, should
% we actually use the same theoremstyle for them?
\theoremstyle{definition}
\defthm{defn}{Definition}{Definitions}
\theoremstyle{remark}
\defthm{rmk}{Remark}{Remarks}
\defthm{eg}{Example}{Examples}
\defthm{egs}{Examples}{Examples}
\defthm{notes}{Notes}{Notes}
% Number exercises within chapters, with their own counter.
\newtheorem{ex}{Exercise}[chapter]
\crefname{ex}{Exercise}{Exercises}

% Display format for sections
\crefformat{section}{\S#2#1#3}
\Crefformat{section}{Section~#2#1#3}
\crefrangeformat{section}{\S\S#3#1#4--#5#2#6}
\Crefrangeformat{section}{Sections~#3#1#4--#5#2#6}
\crefmultiformat{section}{\S\S#2#1#3}{ and~#2#1#3}{, #2#1#3}{ and~#2#1#3}
\Crefmultiformat{section}{Sections~#2#1#3}{ and~#2#1#3}{, #2#1#3}{ and~#2#1#3}
\crefrangemultiformat{section}{\S\S#3#1#4--#5#2#6}{ and~#3#1#4--#5#2#6}{, #3#1#4--#5#2#6}{ and~#3#1#4--#5#2#6}
\Crefrangemultiformat{section}{Sections~#3#1#4--#5#2#6}{ and~#3#1#4--#5#2#6}{, #3#1#4--#5#2#6}{ and~#3#1#4--#5#2#6}

% Display format for appendices
\crefformat{appendix}{Appendix~#2#1#3}
\Crefformat{appendix}{Appendix~#2#1#3}
\crefrangeformat{appendix}{Appendices~#3#1#4--#5#2#6}
\Crefrangeformat{appendix}{Appendices~#3#1#4--#5#2#6}
\crefmultiformat{appendix}{Appendices~#2#1#3}{ and~#2#1#3}{, #2#1#3}{ and~#2#1#3}
\Crefmultiformat{appendix}{Appendices~#2#1#3}{ and~#2#1#3}{, #2#1#3}{ and~#2#1#3}
\crefrangemultiformat{appendix}{Appendices~#3#1#4--#5#2#6}{ and~#3#1#4--#5#2#6}{, #3#1#4--#5#2#6}{ and~#3#1#4--#5#2#6}
\Crefrangemultiformat{appendix}{Appendices~#3#1#4--#5#2#6}{ and~#3#1#4--#5#2#6}{, #3#1#4--#5#2#6}{ and~#3#1#4--#5#2#6}

\crefname{part}{Part}{Parts}

% Number subsubsections
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{5}

% Display format for figures
\crefname{figure}{Figure}{Figures}

%%%% EQUATION NUMBERING %%%%

% The following hack uses the single theorem counter to number
% equations as well, so that we don't have both Theorem 1.1 and
% equation (1.1).
\let\c@equation\c@thm
\numberwithin{equation}{section}


%%%% ENUMERATE NUMBERING %%%%

% Number the first level of enumerates as (i), (ii), ...
\renewcommand{\theenumi}{(\roman{enumi})}
\renewcommand{\labelenumi}{\theenumi}


%%%% MARGINS %%%%

% This is a matter of personal preference, but I think the left
% margins on enumerates and itemizes are too wide.
\setitemize[1]{leftmargin=2em}
\setenumerate[1]{leftmargin=*}

% Likewise that they are too spaced out.
\setitemize[1]{itemsep=-0.2em}
\setenumerate[1]{itemsep=-0.2em}

%%% Notes %%%
\def\noteson{%
\gdef\note##1{\mbox{}\marginpar{\color{blue}\textasteriskcentered\ ##1}}}
\gdef\notesoff{\gdef\note##1{\null}}
\noteson

\newcommand{\Coq}{\textsc{Coq}\xspace}
\newcommand{\Agda}{\textsc{Agda}\xspace}
\newcommand{\NuPRL}{\textsc{NuPRL}\xspace}

%%%% CITATIONS %%%%

% \let \cite \citep

%%%% INDEX %%%%

\newcommand{\footstyle}[1]{{\hyperpage{#1}}n} % If you index something that is in a footnote
\newcommand{\defstyle}[1]{\textbf{\hyperpage{#1}}}  % Style for pageref to a definition

\newcommand{\indexdef}[1]{\index{#1|defstyle}}   % Index a definition
\newcommand{\indexfoot}[1]{\index{#1|footstyle}} % Index a term in a footnote
\newcommand{\indexsee}[2]{\index{#1|see{#2}}}    % Index "see also"


%%%% Standard phrasing or spelling of common phrases %%%%

\newcommand{\ZF}{Zermelo--Fraenkel}
\newcommand{\CZF}{Constructive \ZF{} Set Theory}

\newcommand{\LEM}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathsf{LEM}_{#1}}\xspace}
\newcommand{\choice}[1]{\ensuremath{\mathsf{AC}_{#1}}\xspace}

%%%% MISC %%%%

\newcommand{\mentalpause}{\medskip} % Use for "mental" pause, instead of \smallskip or \medskip

%% Use \symlabel instead of \label to mark a pageref that you need in the index of symbols
\newcounter{symindex}
\newcommand{\symlabel}[1]{\refstepcounter{symindex}\label{#1}}

% Local Variables:
% mode: latex
% TeX-master: "hott-online"
% End: