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Würstchen v1 Model Card

Note: This model card is based on the Stable Diffusion Model Card.

Model Details

  • Developed by: Pablo Pernias, Dominic Rampas, Marc Aubreville
  • Model type: Diffusion-based text-to-image generation model
  • Language(s): English
  • License: Proprietary
  • Model Description: This model is a text-conditional diffusion model i.e. generating images given text prompts
  • Resources for more information: GitHub Repository, Paper.
  • Cite as:
    @misc{pernias2023wuerstchen,
          title={Wuerstchen: Efficient Pretraining of Text-to-Image Models}, 
          author={Pablo Pernias and Dominic Rampas and Marc Aubreville},
          year={2023},
          eprint={2306.00637},
          archivePrefix={arXiv},
          primaryClass={cs.CV}
    }

Uses

Direct Use

The model is intended for research purposes only. Possible research areas and tasks include

  • Safe deployment of models which have the potential to generate harmful content.
  • Probing and understanding the limitations and biases of generative models.
  • Generation of artworks and use in design and other artistic processes.
  • Applications in educational or creative tools.
  • Research on generative models.

Excluded uses are described below.

Misuse, Malicious Use, and Out-of-Scope Use

Note: This section is taken from the DALLE-MINI model card, but applies in the same way to Stable Diffusion v1.

The model should not be used to intentionally create or disseminate images that create hostile or alienating environments for people. This includes generating images that people would foreseeably find disturbing, distressing, or offensive; or content that propagates historical or current stereotypes.

Out-of-Scope Use

The model was not trained to be factual or true representations of people or events, and therefore using the model to generate such content is out-of-scope for the abilities of this model.

Misuse and Malicious Use

Using the model to generate content that is cruel to individuals is a misuse of this model. This includes, but is not limited to:

  • Generating demeaning, dehumanizing, or otherwise harmful representations of people or their environments, cultures, religions, etc.
  • Intentionally promoting or propagating discriminatory content or harmful stereotypes.
  • Impersonating individuals without their consent.
  • Sexual content without consent of the people who might see it.
  • Mis- and disinformation
  • Representations of egregious violence and gore
  • Sharing of copyrighted or licensed material in violation of its terms of use.
  • Sharing content that is an alteration of copyrighted or licensed material in violation of its terms of use.

Limitations and Bias

Limitations

  • The model does not achieve perfect photorealism
  • The model cannot render legible text
  • The model does not perform well on more difficult tasks which involve compositionality, such as rendering an image corresponding to “A red cube on top of a blue sphere”
  • Faces and people in general may not be generated properly.
  • The model was trained mainly with English captions and will not work as well in other languages.
  • The autoencoding part of the model is lossy
  • The model was trained on a large-scale dataset LAION-5B which contains adult material and is not fit for product use without additional safety mechanisms and considerations.
  • No additional measures were used to deduplicate the dataset. As a result, we observe some degree of memorization for images that are duplicated in the training data. The training data can be searched at https://rom1504.github.io/clip-retrieval/ to possibly assist in the detection of memorized images.

Bias

While the capabilities of image generation models are impressive, they can also reinforce or exacerbate social biases. Stable Diffusion v1 was primarily trained on subsets of LAION-2B(en), which consists of images that are limited to English descriptions. Texts and images from communities and cultures that use other languages are likely to be insufficiently accounted for. This affects the overall output of the model, as white and western cultures are often set as the default. Further, the ability of the model to generate content with non-English prompts is significantly worse than with English-language prompts. Stable Diffusion v1 mirrors and exacerbates biases to such a degree that viewer discretion must be advised irrespective of the input or its intent.

Training

Training Data The model developers used the following dataset for training the model:

  • LAION-5B and subsets thereof (see next section)

Further Information All further information is described in the paper.

Environmental Impact

Würstchen v1 Estimated Emissions Based on that information, we estimate the following CO2 emissions using the Machine Learning Impact calculator presented in Lacoste et al. (2019). The hardware, runtime, cloud provider, and compute region were utilized to estimate the carbon impact.

  • Hardware Type: A100 PCIe 80GB
  • Hours used: 9200
  • Cloud Provider: AWS
  • Compute Region: US-east
  • Carbon Emitted (Power consumption x Time x Carbon produced based on location of power grid): 1311 kg CO2 eq.