diff --git a/config/namespace.go b/config/namespace.go
index 46b5014c34c..e41b56e2d9e 100644
--- a/config/namespace.go
+++ b/config/namespace.go
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ import (
 func DecodeNamespace[S, C any](configSource any, buildConfig func(any) (C, any, error)) (*ConfigNamespace[S, C], error) {
 	// Calculate the hash of the input (not including any defaults applied later).
 	// This allows us to introduce new config options without breaking the hash.
-	h := hashing.HashString(configSource)
+	h := hashing.HashStringHex(configSource)
 
 	// Build the config
 	c, ext, err := buildConfig(configSource)
diff --git a/config/namespace_test.go b/config/namespace_test.go
index 5eacdeac7dd..df27ae05cf0 100644
--- a/config/namespace_test.go
+++ b/config/namespace_test.go
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ func TestNamespace(t *testing.T) {
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 	c.Assert(ns, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
 	c.Assert(ns.SourceStructure, qt.DeepEquals, map[string]interface{}{"foo": "bar"})
-	c.Assert(ns.SourceHash, qt.Equals, "1450430416588600409")
+	c.Assert(ns.SourceHash, qt.Equals, "1420f6c7782f7459")
 	c.Assert(ns.Config, qt.DeepEquals, &tstNsExt{Foo: "bar"})
 	c.Assert(ns.Signature(), qt.DeepEquals, []*tstNsExt(nil))
 }
diff --git a/hugolib/hugo_sites_multihost_test.go b/hugolib/hugo_sites_multihost_test.go
index 39504202b2b..37f7ab92791 100644
--- a/hugolib/hugo_sites_multihost_test.go
+++ b/hugolib/hugo_sites_multihost_test.go
@@ -205,9 +205,9 @@ title: mybundle-en
 	b.AssertFileExists("public/de/mybundle/pixel.png", true)
 	b.AssertFileExists("public/en/mybundle/pixel.png", true)
 
-	b.AssertFileExists("public/de/mybundle/pixel_hu8581513846771248023.png", true)
+	b.AssertFileExists("public/de/mybundle/pixel_hu_58204cbc58507d74.png", true)
 	// failing test below
-	b.AssertFileExists("public/en/mybundle/pixel_hu8581513846771248023.png", true)
+	b.AssertFileExists("public/en/mybundle/pixel_hu_58204cbc58507d74.png", true)
 }
 
 func TestMultihostResourceOneBaseURLWithSuPath(t *testing.T) {
diff --git a/hugolib/image_test.go b/hugolib/image_test.go
index 7dcd9fc26ab..09a5b841e90 100644
--- a/hugolib/image_test.go
+++ b/hugolib/image_test.go
@@ -72,20 +72,20 @@ SUNSET2: {{ $resized2.RelPermalink }}/{{ $resized2.Width }}/Lat: {{ $resized2.Ex
 
 	b.Build(BuildCfg{})
 
-	b.AssertFileContent("public/index.html", "SUNSET FOR: en: /bundle/sunset_hu13235715490294913361.jpg/200/Lat: 36.59744166666667")
-	b.AssertFileContent("public/fr/index.html", "SUNSET FOR: fr: /bundle/sunset_hu13235715490294913361.jpg/200/Lat: 36.59744166666667")
-	b.AssertFileContent("public/index.html", " SUNSET2: /images/sunset_hu1573057890424052540.jpg/123/Lat: 36.59744166666667")
-	b.AssertFileContent("public/nn/index.html", " SUNSET2: /images/sunset_hu1573057890424052540.jpg/123/Lat: 36.59744166666667")
+	b.AssertFileContent("public/index.html", "SUNSET FOR: en: /bundle/sunset_hu_77061c65c31d2244.jpg/200/Lat: 36.59744166666667")
+	b.AssertFileContent("public/fr/index.html", "SUNSET FOR: fr: /bundle/sunset_hu_77061c65c31d2244.jpg/200/Lat: 36.59744166666667")
+	b.AssertFileContent("public/index.html", " SUNSET2: /images/sunset_hu_b52e3343ea6a8764.jpg/123/Lat: 36.59744166666667")
+	b.AssertFileContent("public/nn/index.html", " SUNSET2: /images/sunset_hu_b52e3343ea6a8764.jpg/123/Lat: 36.59744166666667")
 
-	b.AssertImage(200, 200, "public/bundle/sunset_hu13235715490294913361.jpg")
+	b.AssertImage(200, 200, "public/bundle/sunset_hu_77061c65c31d2244.jpg")
 
 	// Check the file cache
-	b.AssertImage(200, 200, "resources/_gen/images/bundle/sunset_hu13235715490294913361.jpg")
+	b.AssertImage(200, 200, "resources/_gen/images/bundle/sunset_hu_77061c65c31d2244.jpg")
 
-	b.AssertFileContent("resources/_gen/images/bundle/sunset_17710516992648092201.json",
+	b.AssertFileContent("resources/_gen/images/bundle/sunset_d209dcdc6b875e26.json",
 		"FocalLengthIn35mmFormat|uint16", "PENTAX")
 
-	b.AssertFileContent("resources/_gen/images/images/sunset_17710516992648092201.json",
+	b.AssertFileContent("resources/_gen/images/images/sunset_d209dcdc6b875e26.json",
 		"FocalLengthIn35mmFormat|uint16", "PENTAX")
 
 	b.AssertNoDuplicateWrites()
diff --git a/hugolib/pagesfromdata/pagesfromgotmpl_integration_test.go b/hugolib/pagesfromdata/pagesfromgotmpl_integration_test.go
index b033aad2b65..64ee7039731 100644
--- a/hugolib/pagesfromdata/pagesfromgotmpl_integration_test.go
+++ b/hugolib/pagesfromdata/pagesfromgotmpl_integration_test.go
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ docs/p1/sub/mymixcasetext2.txt
 		"RelPermalink: /docs/p1/sub/mymixcasetext2.txt|Name: sub/mymixcasetext2.txt|",
 		"RelPermalink: /mydata.yaml|Name: sub/data1.yaml|Title: Sub data|Params: map[]|",
 		"Featured Image: /a/pixel.png|featured.png|",
-		"Resized Featured Image: /a/pixel_hu16809842526914527184.png|10|",
+		"Resized Featured Image: /a/pixel_hu_a32b3e361d55df1.png|10|",
 		// Resource from string
 		"RelPermalink: /docs/p1/mytext.txt|Name: textresource|Title: My Text Resource|Params: map[param1:param1v]|",
 		// Dates
diff --git a/hugolib/resource_chain_test.go b/hugolib/resource_chain_test.go
index 669114c8a4a..942873ae4c9 100644
--- a/hugolib/resource_chain_test.go
+++ b/hugolib/resource_chain_test.go
@@ -106,12 +106,12 @@ FAILED REMOTE ERROR DETAILS CONTENT: {{ with $failedImg }}{{ with .Err }}{{ with
 		b.AssertFileContent("public/index.html",
 			fmt.Sprintf(`
 SUNSET: /images/sunset.jpg|/images/sunset.a9bf1d944e19c0f382e0d8f51de690f7d0bc8fa97390c4242a86c3e5c0737e71.jpg|900|90587
-FIT: /images/sunset.jpg|/images/sunset_hu15210517121918042184.jpg|200
+FIT: /images/sunset.jpg|/images/sunset_hu_f2aae87288f3c13b.jpg|200
 CSS integrity Data first: sha256-od9YaHw8nMOL8mUy97Sy8sKwMV3N4hI3aVmZXATxH+8= /styles.min.a1df58687c3c9cc38bf26532f7b4b2f2c2b0315dcde212376959995c04f11fef.css
 CSS integrity Data last:  /styles2.min.1cfc52986836405d37f9998a63fd6dd8608e8c410e5e3db1daaa30f78bc273ba.css sha256-HPxSmGg2QF03+ZmKY/1t2GCOjEEOXj2x2qow94vCc7o=
 
 SUNSET REMOTE: /sunset_%[1]s.jpg|/sunset_%[1]s.a9bf1d944e19c0f382e0d8f51de690f7d0bc8fa97390c4242a86c3e5c0737e71.jpg|900|90587
-FIT REMOTE: /sunset_%[1]s.jpg|/sunset_%[1]s_hu15210517121918042184.jpg|200
+FIT REMOTE: /sunset_%[1]s.jpg|/sunset_%[1]s_hu_f2aae87288f3c13b.jpg|200
 REMOTE NOT FOUND: OK
 LOCAL NOT FOUND: OK
 PRINT PROTOCOL ERROR DETAILS: Err: template: index.html:22:36: executing "index.html" at <resources.GetRemote>: error calling GetRemote: Get "gopher://example.org": unsupported protocol scheme "gopher"|
diff --git a/resources/image.go b/resources/image.go
index 686f70e274d..c1f107b592f 100644
--- a/resources/image.go
+++ b/resources/image.go
@@ -30,7 +30,6 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/cache/filecache"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hashing"
-	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hstrings"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/paths"
 
 	"github.com/disintegration/gift"
@@ -205,15 +204,12 @@ func (i *imageResource) cloneWithUpdates(u *transformationUpdate) (baseResource,
 	}, nil
 }
 
-var imageActions = []string{images.ActionResize, images.ActionCrop, images.ActionFit, images.ActionFill}
-
 // Process processes the image with the given spec.
 // The spec can contain an optional action, one of "resize", "crop", "fit" or "fill".
 // This makes this method a more flexible version that covers all of Resize, Crop, Fit and Fill,
 // but it also supports e.g. format conversions without any resize action.
 func (i *imageResource) Process(spec string) (images.ImageResource, error) {
-	action, options := i.resolveActionOptions(spec)
-	return i.processActionOptions(action, options)
+	return i.processActionSpec("", spec)
 }
 
 // Resize resizes the image to the specified width and height using the specified resampling
@@ -243,7 +239,7 @@ func (i *imageResource) Fill(spec string) (images.ImageResource, error) {
 }
 
 func (i *imageResource) Filter(filters ...any) (images.ImageResource, error) {
-	var conf images.ImageConfig
+	var confMain images.ImageConfig
 
 	var gfilters []gift.Filter
 
@@ -251,47 +247,30 @@ func (i *imageResource) Filter(filters ...any) (images.ImageResource, error) {
 		gfilters = append(gfilters, images.ToFilters(f)...)
 	}
 
-	var (
-		targetFormat images.Format
-		configSet    bool
-	)
+	var options []string
+
 	for _, f := range gfilters {
 		f = images.UnwrapFilter(f)
 		if specProvider, ok := f.(images.ImageProcessSpecProvider); ok {
-			action, options := i.resolveActionOptions(specProvider.ImageProcessSpec())
-			var err error
-			conf, err = images.DecodeImageConfig(action, options, i.Proc.Cfg, i.Format)
-			if err != nil {
-				return nil, err
-			}
-			configSet = true
-			if conf.TargetFormat != 0 {
-				targetFormat = conf.TargetFormat
-				// We only support one target format, but prefer the last one,
-				// so we keep going.
-			}
+			options = append(options, strings.Fields(specProvider.ImageProcessSpec())...)
 		}
 	}
 
-	if !configSet {
-		conf = images.GetDefaultImageConfig("filter", i.Proc.Cfg)
+	confMain, err := images.DecodeImageConfig(options, i.Proc.Cfg, i.Format)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	conf.Action = "filter"
-	conf.Key = hashing.HashString(gfilters)
-	conf.TargetFormat = targetFormat
-	if conf.TargetFormat == 0 {
-		conf.TargetFormat = i.Format
-	}
+	confMain.Action = "filter"
+	confMain.Key = hashing.HashString(gfilters)
 
-	return i.doWithImageConfig(conf, func(src image.Image) (image.Image, error) {
+	return i.doWithImageConfig(confMain, func(src image.Image) (image.Image, error) {
 		var filters []gift.Filter
 		for _, f := range gfilters {
 			f = images.UnwrapFilter(f)
 			if specProvider, ok := f.(images.ImageProcessSpecProvider); ok {
-				processSpec := specProvider.ImageProcessSpec()
-				action, options := i.resolveActionOptions(processSpec)
-				conf, err := images.DecodeImageConfig(action, options, i.Proc.Cfg, i.Format)
+				options := strings.Fields(specProvider.ImageProcessSpec())
+				conf, err := images.DecodeImageConfig(options, i.Proc.Cfg, i.Format)
 				if err != nil {
 					return nil, err
 				}
@@ -313,25 +292,13 @@ func (i *imageResource) Filter(filters ...any) (images.ImageResource, error) {
 	})
 }
 
-func (i *imageResource) resolveActionOptions(spec string) (string, []string) {
-	var action string
-	options := strings.Fields(spec)
-	for i, p := range options {
-		if hstrings.InSlicEqualFold(imageActions, p) {
-			action = p
-			options = append(options[:i], options[i+1:]...)
-			break
-		}
-	}
-	return action, options
-}
-
 func (i *imageResource) processActionSpec(action, spec string) (images.ImageResource, error) {
-	return i.processActionOptions(action, strings.Fields(spec))
+	options := append([]string{action}, strings.Fields(strings.ToLower(spec))...)
+	return i.processOptions(options)
 }
 
-func (i *imageResource) processActionOptions(action string, options []string) (images.ImageResource, error) {
-	conf, err := images.DecodeImageConfig(action, options, i.Proc.Cfg, i.Format)
+func (i *imageResource) processOptions(options []string) (images.ImageResource, error) {
+	conf, err := images.DecodeImageConfig(options, i.Proc.Cfg, i.Format)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -343,13 +310,12 @@ func (i *imageResource) processActionOptions(action string, options []string) (i
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	if action == images.ActionFill {
-		if conf.Anchor == 0 && img.Width() == 0 || img.Height() == 0 {
+	if conf.Action == images.ActionFill {
+		if conf.Anchor == images.SmartCropAnchor && img.Width() == 0 || img.Height() == 0 {
 			// See https://github.com/gohugoio/hugo/issues/7955
 			// Smartcrop fails silently in some rare cases.
 			// Fall back to a center fill.
-			conf.Anchor = gift.CenterAnchor
-			conf.AnchorStr = "center"
+			conf = conf.Reanchor(gift.CenterAnchor)
 			return i.doWithImageConfig(conf, func(src image.Image) (image.Image, error) {
 				return i.Proc.ApplyFiltersFromConfig(src, conf)
 			})
@@ -417,7 +383,7 @@ func (i *imageResource) doWithImageConfig(conf images.ImageConfig, f func(src im
 		}
 
 		ci := i.clone(converted)
-		targetPath := i.relTargetPathFromConfig(conf)
+		targetPath := i.relTargetPathFromConfig(conf, i.getSpec().imaging.Cfg.SourceHash)
 		ci.setTargetPath(targetPath)
 		ci.Format = conf.TargetFormat
 		ci.setMediaType(conf.TargetFormat.MediaType())
@@ -485,26 +451,30 @@ func (i *imageResource) getImageMetaCacheTargetPath() string {
 	df := i.getResourcePaths()
 	p1, _ := paths.FileAndExt(df.File)
 	h := i.hash()
-	idStr := hashing.HashString(h, i.size(), imageMetaVersionNumber, cfgHash)
+	idStr := hashing.HashStringHex(h, i.size(), imageMetaVersionNumber, cfgHash)
 	df.File = fmt.Sprintf("%s_%s.json", p1, idStr)
 	return df.TargetPath()
 }
 
-func (i *imageResource) relTargetPathFromConfig(conf images.ImageConfig) internal.ResourcePaths {
+func (i *imageResource) relTargetPathFromConfig(conf images.ImageConfig, imagingConfigSourceHash string) internal.ResourcePaths {
 	p1, p2 := paths.FileAndExt(i.getResourcePaths().File)
 	if conf.TargetFormat != i.Format {
 		p2 = conf.TargetFormat.DefaultExtension()
 	}
-	const prefix = "_hu"
-	huIdx := strings.LastIndex(p1, prefix)
-	incomingID := "i"
+
+	// Do not change.
+	const imageHashPrefix = "_hu_"
+
+	huIdx := strings.LastIndex(p1, imageHashPrefix)
+	incomingID := ""
 	if huIdx > -1 {
-		incomingID = p1[huIdx+len(prefix):]
+		incomingID = p1[huIdx+len(imageHashPrefix):]
 		p1 = p1[:huIdx]
 	}
-	hash := hashing.HashUint64(incomingID, i.hash(), conf.GetKey(i.Format))
+
+	hash := hashing.HashStringHex(incomingID, i.hash(), conf.Key, imagingConfigSourceHash)
 	rp := i.getResourcePaths()
-	rp.File = fmt.Sprintf("%s%s%d%s", p1, prefix, hash, p2)
+	rp.File = fmt.Sprintf("%s%s%s%s", p1, imageHashPrefix, hash, p2)
 
 	return rp
 }
diff --git a/resources/image_cache.go b/resources/image_cache.go
index d824c5d1a06..1fc7226095e 100644
--- a/resources/image_cache.go
+++ b/resources/image_cache.go
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ func (c *ImageCache) getOrCreate(
 	parent *imageResource, conf images.ImageConfig,
 	createImage func() (*imageResource, image.Image, error),
 ) (*resourceAdapter, error) {
-	relTarget := parent.relTargetPathFromConfig(conf)
+	relTarget := parent.relTargetPathFromConfig(conf, parent.getSpec().imaging.Cfg.SourceHash)
 	relTargetPath := relTarget.TargetPath()
 	memKey := relTargetPath
 
diff --git a/resources/image_extended_test.go b/resources/image_extended_test.go
index e570c4a3d24..f481be9bb40 100644
--- a/resources/image_extended_test.go
+++ b/resources/image_extended_test.go
@@ -42,6 +42,6 @@ func TestImageResizeWebP(t *testing.T) {
 	resized, err := image.Resize("123x")
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 	c.Assert(image.MediaType(), qt.Equals, media.Builtin.WEBPType)
-	c.Assert(resized.RelPermalink(), qt.Equals, "/a/sunrise_hu544374262273649331.webp")
+	c.Assert(resized.RelPermalink(), qt.Equals, "/a/sunrise_hu_a1deb893888915d9.webp")
 	c.Assert(resized.Width(), qt.Equals, 123)
 }
diff --git a/resources/image_test.go b/resources/image_test.go
index 5639d457e07..1ba5a149a32 100644
--- a/resources/image_test.go
+++ b/resources/image_test.go
@@ -113,28 +113,28 @@ func TestImageTransformBasic(t *testing.T) {
 	assertWidthHeight(resizedAndRotated, 125, 200)
 
 	assertWidthHeight(resized, 300, 200)
-	c.Assert(resized.RelPermalink(), qt.Equals, "/a/sunset_hu2082030801149749592.jpg")
+	c.Assert(resized.RelPermalink(), qt.Equals, "/a/sunset_hu_d2115125d9324a79.jpg")
 
 	fitted, err := resized.Fit("50x50")
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(fitted.RelPermalink(), qt.Equals, "/a/sunset_hu16263619592447877226.jpg")
+	c.Assert(fitted.RelPermalink(), qt.Equals, "/a/sunset_hu_c2c98e06123b048e.jpg")
 	assertWidthHeight(fitted, 50, 33)
 
 	// Check the MD5 key threshold
 	fittedAgain, _ := fitted.Fit("10x20")
 	fittedAgain, err = fittedAgain.Fit("10x20")
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(fittedAgain.RelPermalink(), qt.Equals, "/a/sunset_hu847809310637164306.jpg")
+	c.Assert(fittedAgain.RelPermalink(), qt.Equals, "/a/sunset_hu_dc9e89c10109de72.jpg")
 	assertWidthHeight(fittedAgain, 10, 7)
 
 	filled, err := image.Fill("200x100 bottomLeft")
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(filled.RelPermalink(), qt.Equals, "/a/sunset_hu18289448341423092707.jpg")
+	c.Assert(filled.RelPermalink(), qt.Equals, "/a/sunset_hu_b9f6d350738928fe.jpg")
 	assertWidthHeight(filled, 200, 100)
 
 	smart, err := image.Fill("200x100 smart")
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(smart.RelPermalink(), qt.Equals, "/a/sunset_hu11649371610839769766.jpg")
+	c.Assert(smart.RelPermalink(), qt.Equals, "/a/sunset_hu_6fd390e7b0d26f0b.jpg")
 	assertWidthHeight(smart, 200, 100)
 
 	// Check cache
@@ -144,12 +144,12 @@ func TestImageTransformBasic(t *testing.T) {
 
 	cropped, err := image.Crop("300x300 topRight")
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(cropped.RelPermalink(), qt.Equals, "/a/sunset_hu2242042514052853140.jpg")
+	c.Assert(cropped.RelPermalink(), qt.Equals, "/a/sunset_hu_3df036e11f4ddd43.jpg")
 	assertWidthHeight(cropped, 300, 300)
 
 	smartcropped, err := image.Crop("200x200 smart")
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(smartcropped.RelPermalink(), qt.Equals, "/a/sunset_hu12983255101170993571.jpg")
+	c.Assert(smartcropped.RelPermalink(), qt.Equals, "/a/sunset_hu_12e2d26de89b464b.jpg")
 	assertWidthHeight(smartcropped, 200, 200)
 
 	// Check cache
@@ -216,7 +216,7 @@ func TestImageTransformFormat(t *testing.T) {
 
 	imagePng, err := image.Resize("450x png")
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(imagePng.RelPermalink(), qt.Equals, "/a/sunset_hu11737890885216583918.png")
+	c.Assert(imagePng.RelPermalink(), qt.Equals, "/a/sunset_hu_e8b9444dcf2e75ef.png")
 	c.Assert(imagePng.ResourceType(), qt.Equals, "image")
 	assertExtWidthHeight(imagePng, ".png", 450, 281)
 	c.Assert(imagePng.Name(), qt.Equals, "sunset.jpg")
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ func TestImageTransformFormat(t *testing.T) {
 
 	imageGif, err := image.Resize("225x gif")
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-	c.Assert(imageGif.RelPermalink(), qt.Equals, "/a/sunset_hu1431827106749674475.gif")
+	c.Assert(imageGif.RelPermalink(), qt.Equals, "/a/sunset_hu_f80842d4c3789345.gif")
 	c.Assert(imageGif.ResourceType(), qt.Equals, "image")
 	assertExtWidthHeight(imageGif, ".gif", 225, 141)
 	c.Assert(imageGif.Name(), qt.Equals, "sunset.jpg")
@@ -247,7 +247,7 @@ func TestImagePermalinkPublishOrder(t *testing.T) {
 			}()
 
 			check1 := func(img images.ImageResource) {
-				resizedLink := "/a/sunset_hu7919355342577096259.jpg"
+				resizedLink := "/a/sunset_hu_3910bca82e28c9d6.jpg"
 				c.Assert(img.RelPermalink(), qt.Equals, resizedLink)
 				assertImageFile(c, spec.PublishFs, resizedLink, 100, 50)
 			}
@@ -288,12 +288,12 @@ func TestImageBugs(t *testing.T) {
 		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 		c.Assert(resized, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
 		c.Assert(resized.Width(), qt.Equals, 200)
-		c.Assert(resized.RelPermalink(), qt.Equals, "/a/1234567890qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm5to6eeeeee7via8eleph_hu9514381480012510326.jpg")
+		c.Assert(resized.RelPermalink(), qt.Equals, "/a/1234567890qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm5to6eeeeee7via8eleph_hu_951d3980b18c52a9.jpg")
 		resized, err = resized.Resize("100x")
 		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 		c.Assert(resized, qt.Not(qt.IsNil))
 		c.Assert(resized.Width(), qt.Equals, 100)
-		c.Assert(resized.RelPermalink(), qt.Equals, "/a/1234567890qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm5to6eeeeee7via8eleph_hu1776700126481066216.jpg")
+		c.Assert(resized.RelPermalink(), qt.Equals, "/a/1234567890qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnm5to6eeeeee7via8eleph_hu_1daa203572ecd6ec.jpg")
 	})
 
 	// Issue #6137
@@ -391,7 +391,7 @@ func TestImageResize8BitPNG(t *testing.T) {
 	resized, err := image.Resize("800x")
 	c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 	c.Assert(resized.MediaType().Type, qt.Equals, "image/png")
-	c.Assert(resized.RelPermalink(), qt.Equals, "/a/gohugoio_hu8582372628235034388.png")
+	c.Assert(resized.RelPermalink(), qt.Equals, "/a/gohugoio_hu_fe2b762e9cac406c.png")
 	c.Assert(resized.Width(), qt.Equals, 800)
 }
 
diff --git a/resources/images/config.go b/resources/images/config.go
index 9655e9a51ce..6fcd2e334ba 100644
--- a/resources/images/config.go
+++ b/resources/images/config.go
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import (
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hashing"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/maps"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/config"
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/media"
@@ -37,6 +38,13 @@ const (
 	ActionFill   = "fill"
 )
 
+var Actions = map[string]bool{
+	ActionResize: true,
+	ActionCrop:   true,
+	ActionFit:    true,
+	ActionFill:   true,
+}
+
 var (
 	imageFormats = map[string]Format{
 		".jpg":  JPEG,
@@ -64,9 +72,9 @@ var (
 	// Add or increment if changes to an image format's processing requires
 	// re-generation.
 	imageFormatsVersions = map[Format]int{
-		PNG:  3, // Fix transparency issue with 32 bit images.
-		WEBP: 2, // Fix transparency issue with 32 bit images.
-		GIF:  1, // Fix resize issue with animated GIFs when target != GIF.
+		PNG:  0,
+		WEBP: 0,
+		GIF:  0,
 	}
 
 	// Increment to mark all processed images as stale. Only use when absolutely needed.
@@ -84,6 +92,7 @@ var anchorPositions = map[string]gift.Anchor{
 	strings.ToLower("BottomLeft"):  gift.BottomLeftAnchor,
 	strings.ToLower("Bottom"):      gift.BottomAnchor,
 	strings.ToLower("BottomRight"): gift.BottomRightAnchor,
+	smartCropIdentifier:            SmartCropAnchor,
 }
 
 // These encoding hints are currently only relevant for Webp.
@@ -176,7 +185,7 @@ func DecodeConfig(in map[string]any) (*config.ConfigNamespace[ImagingConfig, Ima
 			return i, nil, err
 		}
 
-		if i.Imaging.Anchor != "" && i.Imaging.Anchor != smartCropIdentifier {
+		if i.Imaging.Anchor != "" {
 			anchor, found := anchorPositions[i.Imaging.Anchor]
 			if !found {
 				return i, nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid anchor value %q in imaging config", i.Anchor)
@@ -201,36 +210,34 @@ func DecodeConfig(in map[string]any) (*config.ConfigNamespace[ImagingConfig, Ima
 	return ns, nil
 }
 
-func DecodeImageConfig(action string, options []string, defaults *config.ConfigNamespace[ImagingConfig, ImagingConfigInternal], sourceFormat Format) (ImageConfig, error) {
+func DecodeImageConfig(options []string, defaults *config.ConfigNamespace[ImagingConfig, ImagingConfigInternal], sourceFormat Format) (ImageConfig, error) {
 	var (
-		c   ImageConfig = GetDefaultImageConfig(action, defaults)
+		c   ImageConfig = GetDefaultImageConfig(defaults)
 		err error
 	)
 
-	action = strings.ToLower(action)
-
-	c.Action = action
-
-	if options == nil {
-		return c, errors.New("image options cannot be empty")
+	// Make to lower case, trim space and remove any empty strings.
+	n := 0
+	for _, s := range options {
+		s = strings.TrimSpace(s)
+		if s != "" {
+			options[n] = strings.ToLower(s)
+			n++
+		}
 	}
+	options = options[:n]
 
 	for _, part := range options {
-		part = strings.ToLower(part)
-
-		if part == smartCropIdentifier {
-			c.AnchorStr = smartCropIdentifier
+		if _, ok := Actions[part]; ok {
+			c.Action = part
 		} else if pos, ok := anchorPositions[part]; ok {
 			c.Anchor = pos
-			c.AnchorStr = part
 		} else if filter, ok := imageFilters[part]; ok {
 			c.Filter = filter
-			c.FilterStr = part
 		} else if hint, ok := hints[part]; ok {
 			c.Hint = hint
 		} else if part[0] == '#' {
-			c.BgColorStr = part[1:]
-			c.BgColor, err = hexStringToColorGo(c.BgColorStr)
+			c.BgColor, err = hexStringToColorGo(part[1:])
 			if err != nil {
 				return c, err
 			}
@@ -291,8 +298,7 @@ func DecodeImageConfig(action string, options []string, defaults *config.ConfigN
 		}
 	}
 
-	if action != "" && c.FilterStr == "" {
-		c.FilterStr = defaults.Config.Imaging.ResampleFilter
+	if c.Action != "" && c.Filter == nil {
 		c.Filter = defaults.Config.ResampleFilter
 	}
 
@@ -300,8 +306,7 @@ func DecodeImageConfig(action string, options []string, defaults *config.ConfigN
 		c.Hint = webpoptions.EncodingPresetPhoto
 	}
 
-	if action != "" && c.AnchorStr == "" {
-		c.AnchorStr = defaults.Config.Imaging.Anchor
+	if c.Action != "" && c.Anchor == -1 {
 		c.Anchor = defaults.Config.Anchor
 	}
 
@@ -318,10 +323,23 @@ func DecodeImageConfig(action string, options []string, defaults *config.ConfigN
 	if c.BgColor == nil && c.TargetFormat != sourceFormat {
 		if sourceFormat.SupportsTransparency() && !c.TargetFormat.SupportsTransparency() {
 			c.BgColor = defaults.Config.BgColor
-			c.BgColorStr = defaults.Config.Imaging.BgColor
 		}
 	}
 
+	if mainImageVersionNumber > 0 {
+		options = append(options, strconv.Itoa(mainImageVersionNumber))
+	}
+
+	if v, ok := imageFormatsVersions[sourceFormat]; ok && v > 0 {
+		options = append(options, strconv.Itoa(v))
+	}
+
+	if smartCropVersionNumber > 0 && c.Anchor == SmartCropAnchor {
+		options = append(options, strconv.Itoa(smartCropVersionNumber))
+	}
+
+	c.Key = hashing.HashStringHex(options)
+
 	return c, nil
 }
 
@@ -350,8 +368,7 @@ type ImageConfig struct {
 	// not support transparency.
 	// When set per image operation, it's used even for formats that does support
 	// transparency.
-	BgColor    color.Color
-	BgColorStr string
+	BgColor color.Color
 
 	// Hint about what type of picture this is. Used to optimize encoding
 	// when target is set to webp.
@@ -360,57 +377,15 @@ type ImageConfig struct {
 	Width  int
 	Height int
 
-	Filter    gift.Resampling
-	FilterStr string
+	Filter gift.Resampling
 
-	Anchor    gift.Anchor
-	AnchorStr string
+	Anchor gift.Anchor
 }
 
-func (i ImageConfig) GetKey(format Format) string {
-	if i.Key != "" {
-		return i.Action + "_" + i.Key
-	}
-
-	k := strconv.Itoa(i.Width) + "x" + strconv.Itoa(i.Height)
-	if i.Action != "" {
-		k += "_" + i.Action
-	}
-	// This slightly odd construct is here to preserve the old image keys.
-	if i.qualitySetForImage || i.TargetFormat.RequiresDefaultQuality() {
-		k += "_q" + strconv.Itoa(i.Quality)
-	}
-	if i.Rotate != 0 {
-		k += "_r" + strconv.Itoa(i.Rotate)
-	}
-	if i.BgColorStr != "" {
-		k += "_bg" + i.BgColorStr
-	}
-
-	if i.TargetFormat == WEBP {
-		k += "_h" + strconv.Itoa(int(i.Hint))
-	}
-
-	anchor := i.AnchorStr
-	if anchor == smartCropIdentifier {
-		anchor = anchor + strconv.Itoa(smartCropVersionNumber)
-	}
-
-	k += "_" + i.FilterStr
-
-	if i.Action == ActionFill || i.Action == ActionCrop {
-		k += "_" + anchor
-	}
-
-	if v, ok := imageFormatsVersions[format]; ok {
-		k += "_" + strconv.Itoa(v)
-	}
-
-	if mainImageVersionNumber > 0 {
-		k += "_" + strconv.Itoa(mainImageVersionNumber)
-	}
-
-	return k
+func (cfg ImageConfig) Reanchor(a gift.Anchor) ImageConfig {
+	cfg.Anchor = a
+	cfg.Key = hashing.HashStringHex(cfg.Key, "reanchor", a)
+	return cfg
 }
 
 type ImagingConfigInternal struct {
@@ -429,7 +404,7 @@ func (i *ImagingConfigInternal) Compile(externalCfg *ImagingConfig) error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	if externalCfg.Anchor != "" && externalCfg.Anchor != smartCropIdentifier {
+	if externalCfg.Anchor != "" {
 		anchor, found := anchorPositions[externalCfg.Anchor]
 		if !found {
 			return fmt.Errorf("invalid anchor value %q in imaging config", i.Anchor)
diff --git a/resources/images/config_test.go b/resources/images/config_test.go
index 6dd545f2cfe..d3c9827bd55 100644
--- a/resources/images/config_test.go
+++ b/resources/images/config_test.go
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import (
 	"testing"
 
 	qt "github.com/frankban/quicktest"
+	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/common/hashing"
 )
 
 func TestDecodeConfig(t *testing.T) {
@@ -106,7 +107,8 @@ func TestDecodeImageConfig(t *testing.T) {
 		if err != nil {
 			t.Fatal(err)
 		}
-		result, err := DecodeImageConfig(this.action, strings.Fields(this.in), cfg, PNG)
+		options := append([]string{this.action}, strings.Fields(this.in)...)
+		result, err := DecodeImageConfig(options, cfg, PNG)
 		if b, ok := this.expect.(bool); ok && !b {
 			if err == nil {
 				t.Errorf("[%d] parseImageConfig didn't return an expected error", i)
@@ -115,15 +117,19 @@ func TestDecodeImageConfig(t *testing.T) {
 			if err != nil {
 				t.Fatalf("[%d] err: %s", i, err)
 			}
-			if fmt.Sprint(result) != fmt.Sprint(this.expect) {
-				t.Fatalf("[%d] got\n%v\n but expected\n%v", i, result, this.expect)
+			expect := this.expect.(ImageConfig)
+			expect.Key = hashing.HashStringHex(options)
+
+			if fmt.Sprint(result) != fmt.Sprint(expect) {
+				t.Fatalf("[%d] got\n%v\n but expected\n%v", i, result, expect)
 			}
 		}
 	}
 }
 
 func newImageConfig(action string, width, height, quality, rotate int, filter, anchor, bgColor string) ImageConfig {
-	var c ImageConfig = GetDefaultImageConfig(action, nil)
+	var c ImageConfig = GetDefaultImageConfig(nil)
+	c.Action = action
 	c.TargetFormat = PNG
 	c.Hint = 2
 	c.Width = width
@@ -131,26 +137,20 @@ func newImageConfig(action string, width, height, quality, rotate int, filter, a
 	c.Quality = quality
 	c.qualitySetForImage = quality != 75
 	c.Rotate = rotate
-	c.BgColorStr = bgColor
 	c.BgColor, _ = hexStringToColorGo(bgColor)
+	c.Anchor = SmartCropAnchor
 
 	if filter != "" {
 		filter = strings.ToLower(filter)
 		if v, ok := imageFilters[filter]; ok {
 			c.Filter = v
-			c.FilterStr = filter
 		}
 	}
 
 	if anchor != "" {
-		if anchor == smartCropIdentifier {
-			c.AnchorStr = anchor
-		} else {
-			anchor = strings.ToLower(anchor)
-			if v, ok := anchorPositions[anchor]; ok {
-				c.Anchor = v
-				c.AnchorStr = anchor
-			}
+		anchor = strings.ToLower(anchor)
+		if v, ok := anchorPositions[anchor]; ok {
+			c.Anchor = v
 		}
 	}
 
diff --git a/resources/images/filters.go b/resources/images/filters.go
index 64776affee5..9c2b9b46f9e 100644
--- a/resources/images/filters.go
+++ b/resources/images/filters.go
@@ -36,10 +36,11 @@ type Filters struct{}
 
 // Process creates a filter that processes an image using the given specification.
 func (*Filters) Process(spec any) gift.Filter {
+	specs := strings.ToLower(cast.ToString(spec))
 	return filter{
-		Options: newFilterOpts(spec),
+		Options: newFilterOpts(specs),
 		Filter: processFilter{
-			spec: cast.ToString(spec),
+			spec: specs,
 		},
 	}
 }
diff --git a/resources/images/image.go b/resources/images/image.go
index 4d5285acdd2..c891b016844 100644
--- a/resources/images/image.go
+++ b/resources/images/image.go
@@ -217,7 +217,7 @@ func (p *ImageProcessor) FiltersFromConfig(src image.Image, conf ImageConfig) ([
 	case "resize":
 		filters = append(filters, gift.Resize(conf.Width, conf.Height, conf.Filter))
 	case "crop":
-		if conf.AnchorStr == smartCropIdentifier {
+		if conf.Anchor == SmartCropAnchor {
 			bounds, err := p.smartCrop(src, conf.Width, conf.Height, conf.Filter)
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ func (p *ImageProcessor) FiltersFromConfig(src image.Image, conf ImageConfig) ([
 			filters = append(filters, gift.CropToSize(conf.Width, conf.Height, conf.Anchor))
 		}
 	case "fill":
-		if conf.AnchorStr == smartCropIdentifier {
+		if conf.Anchor == SmartCropAnchor {
 			bounds, err := p.smartCrop(src, conf.Width, conf.Height, conf.Filter)
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
@@ -329,12 +329,12 @@ func (p *ImageProcessor) doFilter(src image.Image, targetFormat Format, filters
 	return dst, nil
 }
 
-func GetDefaultImageConfig(action string, defaults *config.ConfigNamespace[ImagingConfig, ImagingConfigInternal]) ImageConfig {
+func GetDefaultImageConfig(defaults *config.ConfigNamespace[ImagingConfig, ImagingConfigInternal]) ImageConfig {
 	if defaults == nil {
 		defaults = defaultImageConfig
 	}
 	return ImageConfig{
-		Action:  action,
+		Anchor:  -1, // The real values start at 0.
 		Hint:    defaults.Config.Hint,
 		Quality: defaults.Config.Imaging.Quality,
 	}
diff --git a/resources/images/images_golden_integration_test.go b/resources/images/images_golden_integration_test.go
index 526e3ba534c..c49de7bd191 100644
--- a/resources/images/images_golden_integration_test.go
+++ b/resources/images/images_golden_integration_test.go
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ package images_test
 
 import (
 	_ "image/jpeg"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
 	"github.com/gohugoio/hugo/resources/images/imagetesting"
@@ -158,6 +159,76 @@ the last entry will win.
 	imagetesting.RunGolden(opts)
 }
 
+// Issue 13272, 13273.
+func TestImagesGoldenFiltersMaskCacheIssues(t *testing.T) {
+	if imagetesting.SkipGoldenTests {
+		t.Skip("Skip golden test on this architecture")
+	}
+
+	// Will be used as the base folder for generated images.
+	name := "filters/mask2"
+
+	files := `
+-- hugo.toml --
+[caches]
+  [caches.images]
+    dir = ':cacheDir/golden_images'
+	maxAge = "30s"
+[imaging]
+  bgColor = '#33ff44'
+  hint = 'photo'
+  quality = 75
+  resampleFilter = 'Lanczos'
+-- assets/sunset.jpg --
+sourcefilename: ../testdata/sunset.jpg
+-- assets/mask.png --
+sourcefilename: ../testdata/mask.png
+
+-- layouts/index.html --
+Home.
+{{ $sunset := resources.Get "sunset.jpg" }}
+{{ $mask := resources.Get "mask.png" }}
+
+
+{{ template "mask" (dict "name" "green.jpg" "base" $sunset  "mask" $mask) }}
+
+{{ define "mask"}}
+{{ $ext := path.Ext .name }}
+{{ if lt (len (path.Ext .name)) 4 }}
+	{{ errorf "No extension in %q" .name }}
+{{ end }}
+{{ $format := strings.TrimPrefix "." $ext }}
+{{ $spec := .spec | default (printf "resize x300 %s" $format) }}
+{{ $filters := slice (images.Process $spec) (images.Mask .mask) }}
+{{ $name := printf "images/%s" .name  }}
+{{ $img := .base.Filter $filters }}
+{{ with $img | resources.Copy $name }}
+{{ .Publish }}
+{{ end }}
+{{ end }}
+`
+
+	tempDir := t.TempDir()
+
+	opts := imagetesting.DefaultGoldenOpts
+	opts.WorkingDir = tempDir
+	opts.T = t
+	opts.Name = name
+	opts.Files = files
+	opts.SkipAssertions = true
+
+	imagetesting.RunGolden(opts)
+
+	files = strings.Replace(files, "#33ff44", "#a83269", -1)
+	files = strings.Replace(files, "green", "pink", -1)
+	files = strings.Replace(files, "mask.png", "mask2.png", -1)
+	opts.Files = files
+	opts.SkipAssertions = false
+	opts.Rebuild = true
+
+	imagetesting.RunGolden(opts)
+}
+
 func TestImagesGoldenFiltersText(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Parallel()
 
@@ -263,3 +334,74 @@ Home.
 
 	imagetesting.RunGolden(opts)
 }
+
+func TestImagesGoldenMethods(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Parallel()
+
+	if imagetesting.SkipGoldenTests {
+		t.Skip("Skip golden test on this architecture")
+	}
+
+	// Will be used as the base folder for generated images.
+	name := "methods"
+
+	files := `
+-- hugo.toml --
+[imaging]
+  bgColor = '#ebcc34'
+  hint = 'photo'
+  quality = 75
+  resampleFilter = 'MitchellNetravali'
+-- assets/sunset.jpg --
+sourcefilename: ../testdata/sunset.jpg
+-- assets/gopher.png --
+sourcefilename: ../testdata/gopher-hero8.png
+
+-- layouts/index.html --
+Home.
+{{ $sunset := resources.Get "sunset.jpg" }}
+{{ $gopher := resources.Get "gopher.png" }}
+
+
+{{ template "invoke" (dict "copyFormat" "jpg" "base" $sunset "method" "resize"  "spec" "300x" ) }}
+{{ template "invoke" (dict "copyFormat" "jpg" "base" $sunset "method" "resize" "spec" "x200" ) }}
+{{ template "invoke" (dict "copyFormat" "jpg" "base" $sunset "method" "fill"  "spec" "90x120 left" ) }}
+{{ template "invoke" (dict "copyFormat" "jpg" "base" $sunset "method" "fill"  "spec" "90x120 right" ) }}
+{{ template "invoke" (dict "copyFormat" "jpg" "base" $sunset "method" "fit"  "spec" "200x200" ) }}
+{{ template "invoke" (dict "copyFormat" "jpg" "base" $sunset "method" "crop"  "spec" "200x200" ) }}
+{{ template "invoke" (dict "copyFormat" "jpg" "base" $sunset "method" "crop"  "spec" "350x400 center" ) }}
+ {{ template "invoke" (dict "copyFormat" "jpg" "base" $sunset "method" "crop"  "spec" "350x400 smart" ) }}
+{{ template "invoke" (dict "copyFormat" "jpg" "base" $sunset "method" "crop"  "spec" "350x400 center r90" ) }}
+{{ template "invoke" (dict "copyFormat" "jpg" "base" $sunset "method" "crop"  "spec" "350x400 center q20" ) }}
+{{ template "invoke" (dict "copyFormat" "png" "base" $gopher "method" "resize"  "spec" "100x" ) }}
+{{ template "invoke" (dict "copyFormat" "png" "base" $gopher "method" "resize"  "spec" "100x #fc03ec" ) }}
+{{ template "invoke" (dict "copyFormat" "jpg" "base" $gopher "method" "resize"  "spec" "100x #03fc56 jpg" ) }}
+
+{{ define "invoke"}}
+{{ $spec := .spec }}
+{{ $name := printf "images/%s-%s-%s.%s" .method ((trim .base.Name "/") | lower | anchorize) ($spec | anchorize) .copyFormat  }}
+{{ $img := ""}}
+{{ if eq .method "resize" }}
+	{{ $img = .base.Resize $spec }}
+{{ else if eq .method "fill" }}
+	{{ $img = .base.Fill $spec }}
+{{ else if eq .method "fit" }}
+	{{ $img = .base.Fit $spec }}
+{{ else if eq .method "crop" }}
+	{{ $img = .base.Crop $spec }}
+{{ else }}
+	{{ errorf "Unknown method %q" .method }}
+{{ end }}
+{{ with $img | resources.Copy $name }}
+{{ .Publish }}
+{{ end }}
+{{ end }}
+`
+
+	opts := imagetesting.DefaultGoldenOpts
+	opts.T = t
+	opts.Name = name
+	opts.Files = files
+
+	imagetesting.RunGolden(opts)
+}
diff --git a/resources/images/imagetesting/testing.go b/resources/images/imagetesting/testing.go
index 8e00751e0c2..22a2317a100 100644
--- a/resources/images/imagetesting/testing.go
+++ b/resources/images/imagetesting/testing.go
@@ -63,8 +63,18 @@ type GoldenImageTestOpts struct {
 	// Set to true to write golden files to disk.
 	WriteFiles bool
 
+	// If not set, a temporary directory will be created.
+	WorkingDir string
+
 	// Set to true to skip any assertions. Useful when adding new golden variants to a test.
 	DevMode bool
+
+	// Set to skip any assertions.
+	SkipAssertions bool
+
+	// Whether this represents a rebuild of the same site.
+	// Setting this to true will keep the previous golden image set.
+	Rebuild bool
 }
 
 // To rebuild all Golden image tests, toggle WriteFiles=true and run:
@@ -78,7 +88,10 @@ var DefaultGoldenOpts = GoldenImageTestOpts{
 func RunGolden(opts GoldenImageTestOpts) *hugolib.IntegrationTestBuilder {
 	opts.T.Helper()
 
-	c := hugolib.Test(opts.T, opts.Files, hugolib.TestOptWithOSFs()) // hugolib.TestOptWithPrintAndKeepTempDir(true))
+	c := hugolib.Test(opts.T, opts.Files, hugolib.TestOptWithConfig(func(conf *hugolib.IntegrationTestConfig) {
+		conf.NeedsOsFS = true
+		conf.WorkingDir = opts.WorkingDir
+	}))
 	c.AssertFileContent("public/index.html", "Home.")
 
 	outputDir := filepath.Join(c.H.Conf.WorkingDir(), "public", "images")
@@ -86,12 +99,18 @@ func RunGolden(opts GoldenImageTestOpts) *hugolib.IntegrationTestBuilder {
 	goldenDir := filepath.Join(goldenBaseDir, filepath.FromSlash(opts.Name))
 	if opts.WriteFiles {
 		c.Assert(htesting.IsRealCI(), qt.IsFalse)
-		c.Assert(os.MkdirAll(goldenBaseDir, 0o777), qt.IsNil)
-		c.Assert(os.RemoveAll(goldenDir), qt.IsNil)
+		if !opts.Rebuild {
+			c.Assert(os.MkdirAll(goldenBaseDir, 0o777), qt.IsNil)
+			c.Assert(os.RemoveAll(goldenDir), qt.IsNil)
+		}
 		c.Assert(hugio.CopyDir(hugofs.Os, outputDir, goldenDir, nil), qt.IsNil)
 		return c
 	}
 
+	if opts.SkipAssertions {
+		return c
+	}
+
 	if opts.DevMode {
 		c.Assert(htesting.IsRealCI(), qt.IsFalse)
 		return c
diff --git a/resources/images/smartcrop.go b/resources/images/smartcrop.go
index 864c6de0ae0..af45c241c18 100644
--- a/resources/images/smartcrop.go
+++ b/resources/images/smartcrop.go
@@ -25,10 +25,10 @@ import (
 const (
 	// Do not change.
 	smartCropIdentifier = "smart"
-
-	// This is just a increment, starting on 1. If Smart Crop improves its cropping, we
+	SmartCropAnchor     = 1000
+	// This is just a increment, starting on 0. If Smart Crop improves its cropping, we
 	// need a way to trigger a re-generation of the crops in the wild, so increment this.
-	smartCropVersionNumber = 1
+	smartCropVersionNumber = 0
 )
 
 func (p *ImageProcessor) newSmartCropAnalyzer(filter gift.Resampling) smartcrop.Analyzer {
diff --git a/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/filters/mask2/green.jpg b/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/filters/mask2/green.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..48a9dd0830f
Binary files /dev/null and b/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/filters/mask2/green.jpg differ
diff --git a/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/filters/mask2/pink.jpg b/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/filters/mask2/pink.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..640e41ab156
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diff --git a/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/methods/crop-sunsetjpg-200x200.jpg b/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/methods/crop-sunsetjpg-200x200.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..10569ab2c55
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diff --git a/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/methods/crop-sunsetjpg-350x400-center-q20.jpg b/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/methods/crop-sunsetjpg-350x400-center-q20.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..1b316ff17c5
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diff --git a/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/methods/crop-sunsetjpg-350x400-center-r90.jpg b/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/methods/crop-sunsetjpg-350x400-center-r90.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9e3bc4bf570
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diff --git a/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/methods/crop-sunsetjpg-350x400-center.jpg b/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/methods/crop-sunsetjpg-350x400-center.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..aa89eedf28d
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diff --git a/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/methods/crop-sunsetjpg-350x400-smart.jpg b/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/methods/crop-sunsetjpg-350x400-smart.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..7a203920e1b
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diff --git a/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/methods/fill-sunsetjpg-90x120-left.jpg b/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/methods/fill-sunsetjpg-90x120-left.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..39f1823f5db
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diff --git a/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/methods/fill-sunsetjpg-90x120-right.jpg b/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/methods/fill-sunsetjpg-90x120-right.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..4afcb6decdb
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diff --git a/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/methods/fit-sunsetjpg-200x200.jpg b/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/methods/fit-sunsetjpg-200x200.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..75c6a30b024
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diff --git a/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/methods/resize-gopherpng-100x-03fc56-jpg.jpg b/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/methods/resize-gopherpng-100x-03fc56-jpg.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..2e78ce461c1
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diff --git a/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/methods/resize-gopherpng-100x-fc03ec.png b/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/methods/resize-gopherpng-100x-fc03ec.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..44af253036f
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diff --git a/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/methods/resize-gopherpng-100x.png b/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/methods/resize-gopherpng-100x.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..9bca47b147f
Binary files /dev/null and b/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/methods/resize-gopherpng-100x.png differ
diff --git a/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/methods/resize-sunsetjpg-300x.jpg b/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/methods/resize-sunsetjpg-300x.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..319385e9a5a
Binary files /dev/null and b/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/methods/resize-sunsetjpg-300x.jpg differ
diff --git a/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/methods/resize-sunsetjpg-x200.jpg b/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/methods/resize-sunsetjpg-x200.jpg
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..77b2555cb6e
Binary files /dev/null and b/resources/images/testdata/images_golden/methods/resize-sunsetjpg-x200.jpg differ
diff --git a/resources/resource.go b/resources/resource.go
index 29b9e5ddd82..6ef9bdae050 100644
--- a/resources/resource.go
+++ b/resources/resource.go
@@ -363,6 +363,7 @@ type genericResource struct {
 	sd    ResourceSourceDescriptor
 	paths internal.ResourcePaths
 
+	includeHashInKey     bool
 	sourceFilenameIsHash bool
 
 	h *resourceHash // A hash of the source content. Is only calculated in caching situations.
@@ -452,6 +453,10 @@ func (l *genericResource) Key() string {
 		if l.spec.Cfg.IsMultihost() {
 			l.key = l.spec.Lang() + l.key
 		}
+
+		if l.includeHashInKey && !l.sourceFilenameIsHash {
+			l.key += fmt.Sprintf("_%d", l.hash())
+		}
 	})
 
 	return l.key
diff --git a/resources/resource_spec.go b/resources/resource_spec.go
index 912a0d786f0..f1c30e0a209 100644
--- a/resources/resource_spec.go
+++ b/resources/resource_spec.go
@@ -183,29 +183,33 @@ func (r *Spec) NewResource(rd ResourceSourceDescriptor) (resource.Resource, erro
 		TargetBasePaths: rd.TargetBasePaths,
 	}
 
+	isImage := rd.MediaType.MainType == "image"
+	var imgFormat images.Format
+	if isImage {
+		imgFormat, isImage = images.ImageFormatFromMediaSubType(rd.MediaType.SubType)
+	}
+
 	gr := &genericResource{
-		Staler:      &AtomicStaler{},
-		h:           &resourceHash{},
-		publishInit: &sync.Once{},
-		keyInit:     &sync.Once{},
-		paths:       rp,
-		spec:        r,
-		sd:          rd,
-		params:      rd.Params,
-		name:        rd.NameOriginal,
-		title:       rd.Title,
+		Staler:           &AtomicStaler{},
+		h:                &resourceHash{},
+		publishInit:      &sync.Once{},
+		keyInit:          &sync.Once{},
+		includeHashInKey: isImage,
+		paths:            rp,
+		spec:             r,
+		sd:               rd,
+		params:           rd.Params,
+		name:             rd.NameOriginal,
+		title:            rd.Title,
 	}
 
-	if rd.MediaType.MainType == "image" {
-		imgFormat, ok := images.ImageFormatFromMediaSubType(rd.MediaType.SubType)
-		if ok {
-			ir := &imageResource{
-				Image:        images.NewImage(imgFormat, r.imaging, nil, gr),
-				baseResource: gr,
-			}
-			ir.root = ir
-			return newResourceAdapter(gr.spec, rd.LazyPublish, ir), nil
+	if isImage {
+		ir := &imageResource{
+			Image:        images.NewImage(imgFormat, r.imaging, nil, gr),
+			baseResource: gr,
 		}
+		ir.root = ir
+		return newResourceAdapter(gr.spec, rd.LazyPublish, ir), nil
 
 	}
 
diff --git a/resources/resources_integration_test.go b/resources/resources_integration_test.go
index c26eb8fffab..0c45b775a06 100644
--- a/resources/resources_integration_test.go
+++ b/resources/resources_integration_test.go
@@ -62,9 +62,9 @@ anigif: {{ $anigif.RelPermalink }}|{{ $anigif.Width }}|{{ $anigif.Height }}|{{ $
 
 	assertImages := func() {
 		b.AssertFileContent("public/index.html", `
-		gif: /mybundle/pixel_hu14657638653019978294.gif|}|1|2|image/gif|
-		bmp: /mybundle/pixel_hu14705577916774115224.bmp|}|2|3|image/bmp|
-		anigif: /mybundle/giphy_hu3665406585348417395.gif|4|5|image/gif|
+ gif: /mybundle/pixel_hu_93429543fc146fce.gif|}|1|2|image/gif|
+bmp: /mybundle/pixel_hu_f9bf2acd6578e2c6.bmp|}|2|3|image/bmp|
+anigif: /mybundle/giphy_hu_652d28653068b48f.gif|4|5|image/gif|
 		`)
 	}
 
@@ -160,9 +160,9 @@ resize 2|RelPermalink: {{ $image.RelPermalink }}|MediaType: {{ $image.MediaType
 	b := hugolib.Test(t, files)
 
 	b.AssertFileContent("public/index.html",
-		"jpg|RelPermalink: /images/pixel_hu13683954895608450100.jpg|MediaType: image/jpeg|Width: 1|Height: 1|",
-		"resize 1|RelPermalink: /images/pixel_hu3453403302435331853.jpg|MediaType: image/jpeg|Width: 20|Height: 30|",
-		"resize 2|RelPermalink: /images/pixel_hu3453403302435331853.jpg|MediaType: image/jpeg|Width: 20|Height: 30|",
+		"jpg|RelPermalink: /images/pixel_hu_38c3f257174fc757.jpg|MediaType: image/jpeg|Width: 1|Height: 1|",
+		"resize 1|RelPermalink: /images/pixel_hu_b5c2a3d88991f65a.jpg|MediaType: image/jpeg|Width: 20|Height: 30|",
+		"resize 2|RelPermalink: /images/pixel_hu_b5c2a3d88991f65a.jpg|MediaType: image/jpeg|Width: 20|Height: 30|",
 	)
 }
 
diff --git a/resources/testdata/mask2.png b/resources/testdata/mask2.png
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..b58a5e4b071
Binary files /dev/null and b/resources/testdata/mask2.png differ
diff --git a/resources/transform_test.go b/resources/transform_test.go
index b036a44d778..79d4841b1b2 100644
--- a/resources/transform_test.go
+++ b/resources/transform_test.go
@@ -386,22 +386,15 @@ func TestTransform(t *testing.T) {
 		resizedPublished1, err := img.Resize("40x40")
 		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 		c.Assert(resizedPublished1.Height(), qt.Equals, 40)
-		c.Assert(resizedPublished1.RelPermalink(), qt.Equals, "/gopher.changed_hu16988682630555427117.png")
-		assertShouldExist(c, spec, "public/gopher.changed_hu16988682630555427117.png", true)
+		c.Assert(resizedPublished1.RelPermalink(), qt.Equals, "/gopher.changed_hu_85920388a7ff96fa.png")
+		assertShouldExist(c, spec, "public/gopher.changed_hu_85920388a7ff96fa.png", true)
 
 		// Permalink called.
 		resizedPublished2, err := img.Resize("30x30")
 		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
 		c.Assert(resizedPublished2.Height(), qt.Equals, 30)
-		c.Assert(resizedPublished2.Permalink(), qt.Equals, "https://example.com/gopher.changed_hu14141325020798305104.png")
-		assertShouldExist(c, spec, "public/gopher.changed_hu14141325020798305104.png", true)
-
-		// Not published because none of RelPermalink or Permalink was called.
-		resizedNotPublished, err := img.Resize("50x50")
-		c.Assert(err, qt.IsNil)
-		c.Assert(resizedNotPublished.Height(), qt.Equals, 50)
-		// c.Assert(resized.RelPermalink(), qt.Equals, "/gopher.changed_hu2e827f5a78333ebc04166dd643235dea_1462_50x50_resize_linear_2.png")
-		assertShouldExist(c, spec, "public/gopher.changed_hu2e827f5a78333ebc04166dd643235dea_1462_50x50_resize_linear_3.png", false)
+		c.Assert(resizedPublished2.Permalink(), qt.Equals, "https://example.com/gopher.changed_hu_c8d8163c08643a7f.png")
+		assertShouldExist(c, spec, "public/gopher.changed_hu_c8d8163c08643a7f.png", true)
 
 		assertNoDuplicateWrites(c, spec)
 	})
diff --git a/tpl/resources/resources_integration_test.go b/tpl/resources/resources_integration_test.go
index 563b3c45582..da3ff116850 100644
--- a/tpl/resources/resources_integration_test.go
+++ b/tpl/resources/resources_integration_test.go
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ Copy3: {{ $copy3.RelPermalink}}|{{ $copy3.MediaType }}|{{ $copy3.Content | safeJ
 
 	b.AssertFileContent("public/index.html", `
 Image Orig:  /blog/images/pixel.png|image/png|1|1|
-Image Copy1:  /blog/images/copy_hu2891316072287293157.png|image/png|3|4|
+Image Copy1:  /blog/images/copy_hu_1d9addfff177f388.png|image/png|3|4|
 Image Copy2:  /blog/images/copy2.png|image/png|3|4
 Image Copy3:  image/png|3|4|
 Orig: /blog/js/foo.js|text/javascript|let foo;|