day1/1 Python Types.ipynb

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    "# Object-Oriented Python: Types, Objects, and Methods\n",
    "\n",
    "Python is an \"Object-Oriented\" Programming language.  This means that data is transformed into code, an approach that makes Python very flexible.  \n",
    "\n",
    "In this unit, we'll learn to think about data in python in terms of \"types\", which will open the doors for using a wide variety of tools in Python and make it easier to understand how to fix our code when Python raises an error message.\n",
    "\n"
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    "## One Approach to Coding: Code-Data Separation"
   ]
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    "##### Function Syntax in Python\n",
    "\n",
    "```python\n",
    "function_name(argument1)\n",
    "function_name(argument1, argument2)\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "For example, to calculate the min of two numbers: `min(1, 2)`\n",
    "\n",
    "| Method | Description |\n",
    "|--------|-------------|\n",
    "| `round()` | Rounds a number nearest integer if no number of digits is specified. |\n",
    "| `pow()` | Returns the value of a number raised to the power of another number. |\n",
    "| `min()` | Returns the smallest of the input values. |\n",
    "| `max()` | Returns the largest of the input values. |\n",
    "| `sum()` | Calculates the total of the input values. |\n"
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    "\n",
    "**Exercises**: Answer the following questions using the built-in math functions `round()`,  `pow()`, `min()`, `max()`, and `sum()`"
   ]
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    "*Example*: What is `3.2` rounded to the nearest whole number?"
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    "round(3.2)"
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    "Which number is smaller: `4` or `5`?"
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    "Which number is smaller: \n",
    "  - 80 divided by 4 \n",
    "  - 3 times 7"
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    "What's the sum of four and five (using the `sum()` function?"
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    "What's the sum of the numbers one through five?"
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    "\n",
    "## Literal Data Syntax in Python\n",
    "\n",
    "Data in Python can take the form of many different **types**.  The most basic are:\n",
    "\n",
    "  - **int**: 3   # whole numbers\n",
    "  - **float**: 3.1  # decimal numbers\n",
    "  - **bool**: True  # the logical values, can only be True or False\n",
    "  - **str**: \"hi\"  #  text data\n",
    "  - **bytes**: b\"hi123\\x03\"  # a sequence of generic computer data\n",
    "  - **NoneType**: None  # a placeholder, usually for missing values\n",
    "  \n",
    "Data can be \"assigned\" to variables for use in other lines of code using the equals sign:\n",
    "\n",
    "```python\n",
    ">>> data = 3\n",
    ">>> data + 5\n",
    "8\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "Somtimes it's not clear what type of data a certain variable represents.   \n",
    "To find out the type of data, you can use the `type()` function:\n",
    "\n",
    "```python\n",
    ">>> type(3)\n",
    "int\n",
    "\n",
    ">>> type('hello')\n",
    "str\n",
    "\n",
    ">>> type(data)\n",
    "int\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "  "
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   "source": [
    "**Exercises**"
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    "*Example*: What type is 3?"
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    "type(3)"
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    "What type is 5.2?"
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    "What type is `data`?"
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    "data = 3.14"
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    "data = 10"
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    "data = 10."
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    "data = False"
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    "data = \"The Weather\""
   ]
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    "data = None"
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    "data = 5 > 2"
   ]
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    "data = round(3.2)"
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   "source": [
    "## Changing Types: Using Type Contructors to Make New Objects\n",
    "\n",
    "Just as how the function `sum()` transforms two numbers into a single number, functions can transform data found in one type into another type.  Much of the time, this function is named the same as the type, so if you know the type's name, you know how to make it!\n",
    "\n",
    "For example, make a `float` from an `int`:\n",
    "```python\n",
    ">>> x1 = 3\n",
    ">>> type(x1)\n",
    "int\n",
    ">>> x2 = float(x1)\n",
    ">>> x2\n",
    "float\n",
    "```"
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   "source": [
    "##### Exercises"
   ]
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   "source": [
    "*Example*: Make `data2` into a `float`, from `data1`"
   ]
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   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "data1 = 3\n",
    "data2 = float(data1)\n",
    "data2, type(data2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "2e4e4566495b482a924fbaf69eb3600b",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 52.390625,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "markdown"
   },
   "source": [
    "Make `data2`an `int`, from `data1`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "72566a4024df42eda4075fe33b06258a",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 172.171875,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "code",
    "deepnote_to_be_reexecuted": false,
    "execution_millis": 6,
    "execution_start": 1652166677512,
    "source_hash": "e13ecbb4"
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "data1 = 10_000_000_000_000.000_000"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "tags": [
     "exercise"
    ]
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "70b7bfe1581c43fcadccc020e2e54f36",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 52.390625,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "markdown"
   },
   "source": [
    "Make `data2` an `int`, from `data1`.  (What's different here from the `round()` function?)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "data1 = 3.99"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "df2c5238ea1545bb889b995e5165aeca",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 154.171875,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "code",
    "deepnote_to_be_reexecuted": false,
    "execution_millis": 4,
    "execution_start": 1652166695344,
    "source_hash": "88a024ae",
    "tags": [
     "exercise"
    ]
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "54ebf21c947043929506fe67316d0689",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 52.390625,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "markdown"
   },
   "source": [
    "Make `data2` a string, from `data1`  (What's different here?)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "data1 = 3.14000000"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "88ad8e11b43648f5b63bd7998cf2f2ff",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 154.171875,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "code",
    "deepnote_to_be_reexecuted": false,
    "execution_millis": 21,
    "execution_start": 1652166710055,
    "source_hash": "21d9cd5f",
    "tags": [
     "exercise"
    ]
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "ecbcbc0ed10f449288811be81e70502a",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 52.390625,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "markdown"
   },
   "source": [
    "Make `data2` a float, from `data1`."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "data1 = \"5.2\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "be2de81b3e4944809797380f74405c36",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 154.171875,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "code",
    "deepnote_to_be_reexecuted": false,
    "execution_millis": 4,
    "execution_start": 1652166719291,
    "source_hash": "2a4138c5",
    "tags": [
     "exercise"
    ]
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "4d09e171b2bc43808d899d508bbd5f08",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 52.390625,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "markdown",
    "tags": []
   },
   "source": [
    "Make `data2`, an int, from `data1`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "data1 = \"5\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "fd775fa5e4db494293349c342b8a4564",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 154.171875,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "code",
    "deepnote_to_be_reexecuted": false,
    "execution_millis": 4,
    "execution_start": 1652166725972,
    "source_hash": "4e838430",
    "tags": [
     "exercise"
    ]
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "52a50b0073344f5b99d1a4dbdef21aa4",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 52.390625,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "markdown"
   },
   "source": [
    "Turn `data2` into an int, from `data1` (What happened?)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "data1 = 5.2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "f2f7a4580ae048c5a4af264a4976d41c",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 154.171875,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "code",
    "deepnote_to_be_reexecuted": false,
    "execution_millis": 6,
    "execution_start": 1652166743975,
    "source_hash": "18610849",
    "tags": [
     "exercise"
    ]
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "91399f2d15664a59b05249ccd3c5beb9",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 52.390625,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "markdown"
   },
   "source": [
    "Make `data2`, a string, from `data1`.  (Don't worry if this one looks strange. What do you observe?)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "data1 = b\"testing\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "50f2c0af376141dea95a72de2bfd24e9",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 154.171875,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "code",
    "deepnote_to_be_reexecuted": false,
    "execution_millis": 3,
    "execution_start": 1652166767927,
    "source_hash": "2f63a70e",
    "tags": [
     "exercise"
    ]
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "3420ff2c3d6f4f88bc8583fbe0f10fd6",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 52.390625,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "markdown"
   },
   "source": [
    "Make `data2`, a `bytes`, from `data1` (What's interesting here?)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "data1 = 5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "09262dde6f0c4eab8f474b99de1fdb2f",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 154.171875,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "code",
    "deepnote_to_be_reexecuted": false,
    "execution_millis": 577,
    "execution_start": 1652166800664,
    "source_hash": "306c3cc3",
    "tags": [
     "exercise"
    ]
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "1088acc4405d40c0a4757ac7c14719cc",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 405.390625,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "markdown"
   },
   "source": [
    "## Method Syntax in Python: Code and Data Aren't Seperate\n",
    "\n",
    "Types in Python contain functions as well as data; when functions and data are combined, it's called an \"object\".  Everything in Python is an object, which means that all data contains some useful functions that can be used.  A function inside an object is called a **\"method\"**\n",
    "\n",
    "Methods in Python fall in two categories:\n",
    "\n",
    "  - **\"Dunder\" Methods:** These methods are named with double-underscores in the beginning and end.  They aren't meant to be used directly, but rather tell Python which method to call when an operator is used.  (For example, the `__add__` method is called when the `+` operator is in the code)\n",
    "  \n",
    "  - **Normal Methods:**  These methods are meant to be used directly, by putting a `.` after the object.  (For example, strings can count the number of times a letter appears: `'hello'.count('l')`)\n",
    "\n",
    "You can see what methods any object has by using the `dir()` function.  \n",
    "\n",
    "  - `dir()` usually produces a long list; using `print()` is a trick to make the whole list show up in the same line."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "df13c819f5514eada21d2238dd495766",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 52.390625,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "markdown"
   },
   "source": [
    "**Exercises**"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "f2d42bb4c13f46a3bcbd7024b4ddb324",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 52.390625,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "markdown"
   },
   "source": [
    "Print the list of methods that integers have. Do more methods start with an underscore or start with a letter?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "6cc85bd2c4e74a25ab7990f8f5f24d78",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 172.171875,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "code",
    "deepnote_to_be_reexecuted": false,
    "execution_millis": 16,
    "execution_start": 1649927307434,
    "source_hash": "f62722ac",
    "tags": [
     "exercise"
    ]
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "dir(int)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "5fc6f6927ca94f32bf919908ff819d00",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 52.390625,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "markdown"
   },
   "source": [
    "Print the list of methods that None has.  How many don't start with an underscore?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "2c0aedd7b6434f78b88e5d11106a00fd",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 117.0625,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "code",
    "deepnote_to_be_reexecuted": false,
    "execution_millis": 4,
    "execution_start": 1652166853076,
    "source_hash": "e67bf081",
    "tags": [
     "exercise"
    ]
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "03d6b231949f4cd4a2788c87fd7e0998",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 52.390625,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "markdown"
   },
   "source": [
    "Print the list of methods that `data` has.  How many don't start with an underscore?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "123e782fc26c4474aa7791d00c5c92ee",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 135.0625,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "code",
    "deepnote_to_be_reexecuted": false,
    "execution_millis": 5,
    "execution_start": 1652166861520,
    "source_hash": "74986d0f",
    "tags": [
     "exercise"
    ]
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "data = 'hi'\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "6b23a4176d1a4786ab73988e948adad8",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 52.390625,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "markdown"
   },
   "source": [
    "Looking at the list of methods in `dir(int)`, would you assume that you use the addition operator with integers?  "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "38dd3f40eeca48238881e45fe5c22ba5",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 118.171875,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "code",
    "deepnote_to_be_reexecuted": false,
    "execution_millis": 2,
    "execution_start": 1649860992717,
    "source_hash": "84b424a0",
    "tags": [
     "exercise"
    ]
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "'__add__' in dir(int)  # yes!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "91f1628958704826876f349c8615e376",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 52.390625,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "markdown"
   },
   "source": [
    "Try it (`3 + 2`)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "effa25bb73d444d1ab3d188e44541790",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 118.171875,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "code",
    "deepnote_to_be_reexecuted": false,
    "execution_millis": 7,
    "execution_start": 1652166869407,
    "source_hash": "1a2bb36e",
    "tags": [
     "exercise"
    ]
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "84d9cdeb80584c879655d9895470c102",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 52.390625,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "markdown"
   },
   "source": [
    "Try it using the method directly (`(3).__add__(2)`):"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "233ed4314e004378bf9e28cfd17b3573",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 136.171875,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "code",
    "deepnote_to_be_reexecuted": false,
    "execution_millis": 5,
    "execution_start": 1652166872012,
    "source_hash": "756b7985",
    "tags": [
     "exercise"
    ]
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "7ff4222fd1584f85bddc15161baef150",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 52.390625,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "markdown"
   },
   "source": [
    "Looking at the list of methods in `dir(None)`, would you assume that you use the addition operator with None?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "3da27864bd15482b86b0e7ef4df77df8",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 144.1875,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "code",
    "deepnote_to_be_reexecuted": false,
    "execution_millis": 313,
    "execution_start": 1652166884850,
    "source_hash": "2556c663",
    "tags": [
     "exercise"
    ]
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "83b373ce2deb4f189d11e59bf3af650c",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 52.390625,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "markdown"
   },
   "source": [
    "Try it (`None + 3`)  What type of error do you get?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "a88a5e0ef859459490c101fda9ac15ee",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 144.1875,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "code",
    "deepnote_to_be_reexecuted": false,
    "execution_millis": 16,
    "execution_start": 1652166895020,
    "source_hash": "b4facc8e",
    "tags": [
     "exercise"
    ]
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "0ae2c58ae7de438fae276225af9ae17d",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 52.390625,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "markdown"
   },
   "source": [
    "Try it using the using the method directly (`(None).__add__(None)`). what type of error do you get?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "678b230a44da4699b15b1b5c881909f9",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 144.1875,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "code",
    "deepnote_to_be_reexecuted": false,
    "execution_millis": 7,
    "execution_start": 1652166901966,
    "source_hash": "2746a5a3",
    "tags": [
     "exercise"
    ]
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "f40fb6e6b3ce4266878b26951af489fd",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 52.390625,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "markdown"
   },
   "source": [
    "Looking at the list of methods in `dir(str)`, would you assume that you use the addition operator with strings?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "3f5d592d929648dc9d6ace6e5d1e15c1",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 118.171875,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "code",
    "deepnote_to_be_reexecuted": false,
    "execution_millis": 0,
    "execution_start": 1652166928892,
    "source_hash": "71a99c8a",
    "tags": [
     "exercise"
    ]
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "fed11a792cd34e88b103e2a3187f2c1c",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 52.390625,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "markdown"
   },
   "source": [
    "Try it: `'Hello' + 'World'`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "4262774c857741718cb608894403e971",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 118.171875,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "code",
    "deepnote_to_be_reexecuted": false,
    "execution_millis": 2,
    "execution_start": 1652166937562,
    "source_hash": "f58d1baa",
    "tags": [
     "exercise"
    ]
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "98aa046c5d35438b9c83b6b071b429e7",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 52.390625,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "markdown"
   },
   "source": [
    "Try it using the method directly (`'Hello'.__add__('World')`):"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "cd6d768ad9784fe28e65c8a9edf26f7a",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 118.171875,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "code",
    "deepnote_to_be_reexecuted": false,
    "execution_millis": 6,
    "execution_start": 1652166945678,
    "source_hash": "4c1a61b0",
    "tags": [
     "exercise"
    ]
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "c389be26a7f24a6fbc3a9e49920c81cc",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 52.390625,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "markdown"
   },
   "source": [
    "Looking at the list of methods in `dir(float)`, would you assume that you use the multiplication operator with floats?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "de1a6abe25544211a766ca193f5238a8",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 118.171875,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "code",
    "deepnote_to_be_reexecuted": false,
    "execution_millis": 10,
    "execution_start": 1652166965212,
    "source_hash": "441069fa",
    "tags": [
     "exercise"
    ]
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "ae9ad5a13dc24fda9dc248260bb70d0a",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 52.390625,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "markdown"
   },
   "source": [
    "Try it with 3.2 * 2 :"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "264871bc257046b6a3a0cfdf1418d1a8",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 118.171875,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "code",
    "deepnote_to_be_reexecuted": false,
    "execution_millis": 6,
    "execution_start": 1652166980700,
    "source_hash": "82647b7c",
    "tags": [
     "exercise"
    ]
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "ea991457a99941868d0c9cdc5f3dcc2b",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 52.390625,
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   "source": [
    "Try it using the method directly:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "ab9ac91e73b84bd1b4445c795352621c",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 118.171875,
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    "execution_millis": 10,
    "execution_start": 1652166992567,
    "source_hash": "4567fa87",
    "tags": [
     "exercise"
    ]
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "ec1e67ed40044272b1a52e1c07f9c5d6",
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   "source": [
    "Looking at the list of methods in `dir(str)`, would you assume that you use the multiplication operator with strings?"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "270c1ca3b2334bb4a69ea8db6d4b0c79",
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    "execution_millis": 2,
    "execution_start": 1652167005722,
    "source_hash": "9a007c4b",
    "tags": [
     "exercise"
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   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "2014aa09bdf141f29a10e808a4f7ddb3",
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    "deepnote_cell_type": "markdown"
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   "source": [
    "Try it: `'Hi' * 10`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "4aa48bdb24b4454f83e3015bebfe0713",
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    "deepnote_cell_type": "code",
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    "execution_millis": 7,
    "execution_start": 1652167010965,
    "source_hash": "9a5f820c",
    "tags": [
     "exercise"
    ]
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "a65ee0a4f57f4f9cb6764212a32b6d3b",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 52.390625,
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   "source": [
    "Try it using the method directly:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "5177eebb38e34a018bfeb957f2cd038b",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 118.171875,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "code",
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    "execution_millis": 17,
    "execution_start": 1652167021879,
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     "exercise"
    ]
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   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Try multiplying two strings together. (e.g. `'Hello' * 'World'`  What do you observe? "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "tags": [
     "exercise"
    ]
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "19edada4adcb442ca2ade0350e6b06c2",
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   "source": [
    "## Reviewing Terminology\n",
    "\n",
    "**Exercises**\n",
    "\n",
    "Is the following code an example of a used **function**, **method**, or **operator**?"
   ]
  },
  {
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   "source": [
    "`sum([1, 2, 3])`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "02dd5e9776f44fdabe95c64e282f023a",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 81,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "code",
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    "execution_millis": 14,
    "execution_start": 1649921270062,
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     "exercise"
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   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# function"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "b0903bf4baed42b491a8336182bd3fc6",
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   "source": [
    "`\n",
    "\"Hello\".count('l')`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "eacb3564a36c4fd3945a6c65afa1e2c9",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 81,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "code",
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    "execution_millis": 8,
    "execution_start": 1649921277659,
    "source_hash": "c500b8f9",
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     "exercise"
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   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "7cd599f243ba4923a68d473bd8809740",
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   "source": [
    "`3 + 5`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "d8744b8a5b264e018ad2e9a0de909818",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 81,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "code",
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    "execution_millis": 0,
    "execution_start": 1649921295966,
    "source_hash": "c500b8f9",
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     "exercise"
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   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "1293df7cdda64ef8884f51d5ea5db3d8",
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    "execution_millis": 12,
    "execution_start": 1649921314666,
    "source_hash": "aef9cab",
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   },
   "source": [
    "```python\n",
    "import math\n",
    "math.sqrt(72)\n",
    "```"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "74d130e7c6b04bc083de48455e40fd2c",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 81,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "code",
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    "execution_millis": 2,
    "execution_start": 1652167033995,
    "source_hash": "2942f67c",
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     "exercise"
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   "source": []
  },
  {
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   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "93cf25d593394f5eb886cc66386f3e0b",
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    "execution_millis": 12,
    "execution_start": 1649921368499,
    "source_hash": "a522061c",
    "tags": []
   },
   "source": [
    "`(72).__mul__(3)`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "74a3639f1fd54f7aa80cc6bbd4aeb000",
    "deepnote_cell_height": 81,
    "deepnote_cell_type": "code",
    "deepnote_to_be_reexecuted": false,
    "execution_millis": 3,
    "execution_start": 1652167037500,
    "source_hash": "bca66414",
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     "exercise"
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   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "cell_id": "65b0026e954f45a19c1bd3df6afa004e",
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    "tags": []
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   "source": [
    "`mul(72, 3)`"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "tags": [
     "exercise"
    ]
   },
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  }
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