diff --git a/src/app/(main)/repos/[id]/@menu/default.tsx b/src/app/(main)/repos/[id]/@menu/default.tsx
index 2d25320f15ea..2c96eec9fd7d 100644
--- a/src/app/(main)/repos/[id]/@menu/default.tsx
+++ b/src/app/(main)/repos/[id]/@menu/default.tsx
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { notFound } from 'next/navigation';
 import { Flexbox } from 'react-layout-kit';
 
+import { serverDB } from '@/database/server';
 import { KnowledgeBaseModel } from '@/database/server/models/knowledgeBase';
 
 import Head from './Head';
@@ -14,7 +15,7 @@ type Props = { params: Params };
 
 const MenuPage = async ({ params }: Props) => {
   const id = params.id;
-  const item = await KnowledgeBaseModel.findById(params.id);
+  const item = await KnowledgeBaseModel.findById(serverDB, params.id);
 
   if (!item) return notFound();
 
diff --git a/src/app/(main)/repos/[id]/page.tsx b/src/app/(main)/repos/[id]/page.tsx
index 24662ac70071..fce88618a3df 100644
--- a/src/app/(main)/repos/[id]/page.tsx
+++ b/src/app/(main)/repos/[id]/page.tsx
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { redirect } from 'next/navigation';
 
+import { serverDB } from '@/database/server';
 import { KnowledgeBaseModel } from '@/database/server/models/knowledgeBase';
 import FileManager from '@/features/FileManager';
 
@@ -10,7 +11,7 @@ interface Params {
 type Props = { params: Params };
 
 export default async ({ params }: Props) => {
-  const item = await KnowledgeBaseModel.findById(params.id);
+  const item = await KnowledgeBaseModel.findById(serverDB, params.id);
 
   if (!item) return redirect('/repos');
 
diff --git a/src/config/db.ts b/src/config/db.ts
index 6d6361c22f96..4c02c3bf0f43 100644
--- a/src/config/db.ts
+++ b/src/config/db.ts
@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@ export const getServerDBConfig = () => {
       DATABASE_TEST_URL: process.env.DATABASE_TEST_URL,
       DATABASE_URL: process.env.DATABASE_URL,
 
-      DISABLE_REMOVE_GLOBAL_FILE: process.env.DISABLE_REMOVE_GLOBAL_FILE === '1',
-
       KEY_VAULTS_SECRET: process.env.KEY_VAULTS_SECRET,
 
       NEXT_PUBLIC_ENABLED_SERVER_SERVICE: process.env.NEXT_PUBLIC_SERVICE_MODE === 'server',
@@ -22,8 +20,6 @@ export const getServerDBConfig = () => {
       DATABASE_TEST_URL: z.string().optional(),
       DATABASE_URL: z.string().optional(),
 
-      DISABLE_REMOVE_GLOBAL_FILE: z.boolean().optional(),
-
       KEY_VAULTS_SECRET: z.string().optional(),
     },
   });
diff --git a/src/database/server/models/__tests__/_test_template.ts b/src/database/server/models/__tests__/_test_template.ts
index 3a368d6f8cbe..13e77cfbd815 100644
--- a/src/database/server/models/__tests__/_test_template.ts
+++ b/src/database/server/models/__tests__/_test_template.ts
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ vi.mock('@/database/server/core/db', async () => ({
 }));
 
 const userId = 'session-group-model-test-user-id';
-const sessionGroupModel = new SessionGroupModel(userId);
+const sessionGroupModel = new SessionGroupModel(serverDB, userId);
 
 beforeEach(async () => {
   await serverDB.delete(users);
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ describe('SessionGroupModel', () => {
       await sessionGroupModel.create({ name: 'Test Group 1' });
       await sessionGroupModel.create({ name: 'Test Group 333' });
 
-      const anotherSessionGroupModel = new SessionGroupModel('user2');
+      const anotherSessionGroupModel = new SessionGroupModel(serverDB, 'user2');
       await anotherSessionGroupModel.create({ name: 'Test Group 2' });
 
       await sessionGroupModel.deleteAll();
diff --git a/src/database/server/models/__tests__/agent.test.ts b/src/database/server/models/__tests__/agent.test.ts
index f683106749c1..7c9b69c3c857 100644
--- a/src/database/server/models/__tests__/agent.test.ts
+++ b/src/database/server/models/__tests__/agent.test.ts
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ vi.mock('@/database/server/core/db', async () => ({
 }));
 
 const userId = 'agent-model-test-user-id';
-const agentModel = new AgentModel(userId);
+const agentModel = new AgentModel(serverDB, userId);
 
 const knowledgeBase = { id: 'kb1', userId, name: 'knowledgeBase' };
 const fileList = [
diff --git a/src/database/server/models/__tests__/asyncTask.test.ts b/src/database/server/models/__tests__/asyncTask.test.ts
index 3d587af9c8b4..fc21d3002d5e 100644
--- a/src/database/server/models/__tests__/asyncTask.test.ts
+++ b/src/database/server/models/__tests__/asyncTask.test.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ vi.mock('@/database/server/core/db', async () => ({
 }));
 
 const userId = 'async-task-model-test-user-id';
-const asyncTaskModel = new AsyncTaskModel(userId);
+const asyncTaskModel = new AsyncTaskModel(serverDB, userId);
 
 beforeEach(async () => {
   await serverDB.delete(users);
diff --git a/src/database/server/models/__tests__/chunk.test.ts b/src/database/server/models/__tests__/chunk.test.ts
index 4e94c35a55a2..81582f9b6ed1 100644
--- a/src/database/server/models/__tests__/chunk.test.ts
+++ b/src/database/server/models/__tests__/chunk.test.ts
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ vi.mock('@/database/server/core/db', async () => ({
 }));
 
 const userId = 'chunk-model-test-user-id';
-const chunkModel = new ChunkModel(userId);
+const chunkModel = new ChunkModel(serverDB, userId);
 const sharedFileList = [
   {
     id: '1',
diff --git a/src/database/server/models/__tests__/file.test.ts b/src/database/server/models/__tests__/file.test.ts
index b02a89bd4ebb..6847600e08a1 100644
--- a/src/database/server/models/__tests__/file.test.ts
+++ b/src/database/server/models/__tests__/file.test.ts
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ vi.mock('@/config/db', async () => ({
 }));
 
 const userId = 'file-model-test-user-id';
-const fileModel = new FileModel(userId);
+const fileModel = new FileModel(serverDB, userId);
 
 const knowledgeBase = { id: 'kb1', userId, name: 'knowledgeBase' };
 beforeEach(async () => {
diff --git a/src/database/server/models/__tests__/knowledgeBase.test.ts b/src/database/server/models/__tests__/knowledgeBase.test.ts
index 53fa49eeec0d..28b1c06656ea 100644
--- a/src/database/server/models/__tests__/knowledgeBase.test.ts
+++ b/src/database/server/models/__tests__/knowledgeBase.test.ts
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ vi.mock('@/database/server/core/db', async () => ({
 }));
 
 const userId = 'session-group-model-test-user-id';
-const knowledgeBaseModel = new KnowledgeBaseModel(userId);
+const knowledgeBaseModel = new KnowledgeBaseModel(serverDB, userId);
 
 beforeEach(async () => {
   await serverDB.delete(users);
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ describe('KnowledgeBaseModel', () => {
       await knowledgeBaseModel.create({ name: 'Test Group 1' });
       await knowledgeBaseModel.create({ name: 'Test Group 333' });
 
-      const anotherSessionGroupModel = new KnowledgeBaseModel('user2');
+      const anotherSessionGroupModel = new KnowledgeBaseModel(serverDB, 'user2');
       await anotherSessionGroupModel.create({ name: 'Test Group 2' });
 
       await knowledgeBaseModel.deleteAll();
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ describe('KnowledgeBaseModel', () => {
     it('should find a knowledge base by id without user restriction', async () => {
       const { id } = await knowledgeBaseModel.create({ name: 'Test Group' });
 
-      const group = await KnowledgeBaseModel.findById(id);
+      const group = await KnowledgeBaseModel.findById(serverDB, id);
       expect(group).toMatchObject({
         id,
         name: 'Test Group',
@@ -244,10 +244,10 @@ describe('KnowledgeBaseModel', () => {
     });
 
     it('should find a knowledge base created by another user', async () => {
-      const anotherKnowledgeBaseModel = new KnowledgeBaseModel('user2');
+      const anotherKnowledgeBaseModel = new KnowledgeBaseModel(serverDB, 'user2');
       const { id } = await anotherKnowledgeBaseModel.create({ name: 'Another User Group' });
 
-      const group = await KnowledgeBaseModel.findById(id);
+      const group = await KnowledgeBaseModel.findById(serverDB, id);
       expect(group).toMatchObject({
         id,
         name: 'Another User Group',
diff --git a/src/database/server/models/__tests__/message.test.ts b/src/database/server/models/__tests__/message.test.ts
index 9079f8bb6a2a..0e9dec4020a8 100644
--- a/src/database/server/models/__tests__/message.test.ts
+++ b/src/database/server/models/__tests__/message.test.ts
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ vi.mock('@/database/server/core/db', async () => ({
 }));
 
 const userId = 'message-db';
-const messageModel = new MessageModel(userId);
+const messageModel = new MessageModel(serverDB, userId);
 
 beforeEach(async () => {
   // 在每个测试用例之前，清空表
diff --git a/src/database/server/models/__tests__/plugin.test.ts b/src/database/server/models/__tests__/plugin.test.ts
index 821864238533..75c06a626f0a 100644
--- a/src/database/server/models/__tests__/plugin.test.ts
+++ b/src/database/server/models/__tests__/plugin.test.ts
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ vi.mock('@/database/server/core/db', async () => ({
 }));
 
 const userId = 'plugin-db';
-const pluginModel = new PluginModel(userId);
+const pluginModel = new PluginModel(serverDB, userId);
 
 beforeEach(async () => {
   await serverDB.transaction(async (trx) => {
diff --git a/src/database/server/models/__tests__/session.test.ts b/src/database/server/models/__tests__/session.test.ts
index 0a91adb6f7f8..88a39033bc2a 100644
--- a/src/database/server/models/__tests__/session.test.ts
+++ b/src/database/server/models/__tests__/session.test.ts
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ vi.mock('@/database/server/core/db', async () => ({
 }));
 
 const userId = 'session-user';
-const sessionModel = new SessionModel(userId);
+const sessionModel = new SessionModel(serverDB, userId);
 
 beforeEach(async () => {
   await serverDB.delete(users);
@@ -259,7 +259,13 @@ describe('SessionModel', () => {
       ]);
 
       await serverDB.insert(agents).values([
-        { id: 'agent-1', userId, model: 'gpt-3.5-turbo', title: 'Agent 1', description: 'Description with Keyword' },
+        {
+          id: 'agent-1',
+          userId,
+          model: 'gpt-3.5-turbo',
+          title: 'Agent 1',
+          description: 'Description with Keyword',
+        },
         { id: 'agent-2', userId, model: 'gpt-4', title: 'Agent 2' },
       ]);
 
@@ -338,7 +344,7 @@ describe('SessionModel', () => {
     });
   });
 
-  describe.skip('batchCreate', () => {
+  describe('batchCreate', () => {
     it('should batch create sessions', async () => {
       // 调用 batchCreate 方法
       const sessions: NewSession[] = [
diff --git a/src/database/server/models/__tests__/sessionGroup.test.ts b/src/database/server/models/__tests__/sessionGroup.test.ts
index 2dd58c2c755e..6072ff9613a6 100644
--- a/src/database/server/models/__tests__/sessionGroup.test.ts
+++ b/src/database/server/models/__tests__/sessionGroup.test.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ vi.mock('@/database/server/core/db', async () => ({
 }));
 
 const userId = 'session-group-model-test-user-id';
-const sessionGroupModel = new SessionGroupModel(userId);
+const sessionGroupModel = new SessionGroupModel(serverDB, userId);
 
 beforeEach(async () => {
   await serverDB.delete(users);
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ describe('SessionGroupModel', () => {
       await sessionGroupModel.create({ name: 'Test Group 1' });
       await sessionGroupModel.create({ name: 'Test Group 333' });
 
-      const anotherSessionGroupModel = new SessionGroupModel('user2');
+      const anotherSessionGroupModel = new SessionGroupModel(serverDB, 'user2');
       await anotherSessionGroupModel.create({ name: 'Test Group 2' });
 
       await sessionGroupModel.deleteAll();
diff --git a/src/database/server/models/__tests__/user.test.ts b/src/database/server/models/__tests__/user.test.ts
index 60c945d9fe20..36941b5744dc 100644
--- a/src/database/server/models/__tests__/user.test.ts
+++ b/src/database/server/models/__tests__/user.test.ts
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ vi.mock('@/database/server/core/db', async () => ({
 
 const userId = 'user-db';
 const userEmail = 'user@example.com';
-const userModel = new UserModel();
+const userModel = new UserModel(serverDB, userId);
 
 beforeEach(async () => {
   await serverDB.delete(users);
@@ -44,14 +44,14 @@ describe('UserModel', () => {
         email: 'test@example.com',
       };
 
-      await UserModel.createUser(params);
+      await UserModel.createUser(serverDB, params);
 
       const user = await serverDB.query.users.findFirst({ where: eq(users.id, userId) });
       expect(user).not.toBeNull();
       expect(user?.username).toBe('testuser');
       expect(user?.email).toBe('test@example.com');
 
-      const sessionModel = new SessionModel(userId);
+      const sessionModel = new SessionModel(serverDB, userId);
       const inbox = await sessionModel.findByIdOrSlug(INBOX_SESSION_ID);
       expect(inbox).not.toBeNull();
     });
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ describe('UserModel', () => {
     it('should delete a user', async () => {
       await serverDB.insert(users).values({ id: userId });
 
-      await UserModel.deleteUser(userId);
+      await UserModel.deleteUser(serverDB, userId);
 
       const user = await serverDB.query.users.findFirst({ where: eq(users.id, userId) });
       expect(user).toBeUndefined();
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ describe('UserModel', () => {
     it('should find a user by ID', async () => {
       await serverDB.insert(users).values({ id: userId, username: 'testuser' });
 
-      const user = await UserModel.findById(userId);
+      const user = await UserModel.findById(serverDB, userId);
 
       expect(user).not.toBeNull();
       expect(user?.id).toBe(userId);
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ describe('UserModel', () => {
     it('should find a user by email', async () => {
       await serverDB.insert(users).values({ id: userId, email: userEmail });
 
-      const user = await UserModel.findByEmail(userEmail);
+      const user = await UserModel.findByEmail(serverDB, userEmail);
 
       expect(user).not.toBeNull();
       expect(user?.id).toBe(userId);
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ describe('UserModel', () => {
         keyVaults: encryptedKeyVaults,
       });
 
-      const state = await userModel.getUserState(userId);
+      const state = await userModel.getUserState();
 
       expect(state.userId).toBe(userId);
       expect(state.preference).toEqual(preference);
@@ -115,7 +115,9 @@ describe('UserModel', () => {
     });
 
     it('should throw an error if user not found', async () => {
-      await expect(userModel.getUserState('invalid-user-id')).rejects.toThrow('user not found');
+      const userModel = new UserModel(serverDB, 'invalid-user-id');
+
+      await expect(userModel.getUserState()).rejects.toThrow('user not found');
     });
   });
 
@@ -123,7 +125,7 @@ describe('UserModel', () => {
     it('should update user fields', async () => {
       await serverDB.insert(users).values({ id: userId, username: 'oldname' });
 
-      await userModel.updateUser(userId, { username: 'newname' });
+      await userModel.updateUser({ username: 'newname' });
 
       const updatedUser = await serverDB.query.users.findFirst({
         where: eq(users.id, userId),
@@ -137,7 +139,7 @@ describe('UserModel', () => {
       await serverDB.insert(users).values({ id: userId });
       await serverDB.insert(userSettings).values({ id: userId });
 
-      await userModel.deleteSetting(userId);
+      await userModel.deleteSetting();
 
       const settings = await serverDB.query.userSettings.findFirst({
         where: eq(users.id, userId),
@@ -155,7 +157,7 @@ describe('UserModel', () => {
       } as UserSettings;
       await serverDB.insert(users).values({ id: userId });
 
-      await userModel.updateSetting(userId, settings);
+      await userModel.updateSetting(settings);
 
       const updatedSettings = await serverDB.query.userSettings.findFirst({
         where: eq(users.id, userId),
@@ -178,7 +180,7 @@ describe('UserModel', () => {
       const newSettings = {
         general: { fontSize: 16, language: 'zh-CN', themeMode: 'dark' },
       } as UserSettings;
-      await userModel.updateSetting(userId, newSettings);
+      await userModel.updateSetting(newSettings);
 
       const updatedSettings = await serverDB.query.userSettings.findFirst({
         where: eq(users.id, userId),
@@ -195,7 +197,7 @@ describe('UserModel', () => {
       const newPreference: Partial<UserPreference> = {
         guide: { topic: true, moveSettingsToAvatar: true },
       };
-      await userModel.updatePreference(userId, newPreference);
+      await userModel.updatePreference(newPreference);
 
       const updatedUser = await serverDB.query.users.findFirst({ where: eq(users.id, userId) });
       expect(updatedUser?.preference).toEqual({ ...preference, ...newPreference });
@@ -212,7 +214,7 @@ describe('UserModel', () => {
         moveSettingsToAvatar: true,
         uploadFileInKnowledgeBase: true,
       };
-      await userModel.updateGuide(userId, newGuide);
+      await userModel.updateGuide(newGuide);
 
       const updatedUser = await serverDB.query.users.findFirst({ where: eq(users.id, userId) });
       expect(updatedUser?.preference).toEqual({ ...preference, guide: newGuide });
diff --git a/src/database/server/models/_template.ts b/src/database/server/models/_template.ts
index 3699bf87a346..272ec594b12f 100644
--- a/src/database/server/models/_template.ts
+++ b/src/database/server/models/_template.ts
@@ -1,19 +1,21 @@
 import { eq } from 'drizzle-orm';
 import { and, desc } from 'drizzle-orm/expressions';
 
-import { serverDB } from '@/database/server';
+import { LobeChatDatabase } from '@/database/type';
 
 import { NewSessionGroup, SessionGroupItem, sessionGroups } from '../schemas/lobechat';
 
 export class TemplateModel {
   private userId: string;
+  private db: LobeChatDatabase;
 
-  constructor(userId: string) {
+  constructor(db: LobeChatDatabase, userId: string) {
     this.userId = userId;
+    this.db = db;
   }
 
   create = async (params: NewSessionGroup) => {
-    const [result] = await serverDB
+    const [result] = await this.db
       .insert(sessionGroups)
       .values({ ...params, userId: this.userId })
       .returning();
@@ -22,30 +24,30 @@ export class TemplateModel {
   };
 
   delete = async (id: string) => {
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .delete(sessionGroups)
       .where(and(eq(sessionGroups.id, id), eq(sessionGroups.userId, this.userId)));
   };
 
   deleteAll = async () => {
-    return serverDB.delete(sessionGroups).where(eq(sessionGroups.userId, this.userId));
+    return this.db.delete(sessionGroups).where(eq(sessionGroups.userId, this.userId));
   };
 
   query = async () => {
-    return serverDB.query.sessionGroups.findMany({
+    return this.db.query.sessionGroups.findMany({
       orderBy: [desc(sessionGroups.updatedAt)],
       where: eq(sessionGroups.userId, this.userId),
     });
   };
 
   findById = async (id: string) => {
-    return serverDB.query.sessionGroups.findFirst({
+    return this.db.query.sessionGroups.findFirst({
       where: and(eq(sessionGroups.id, id), eq(sessionGroups.userId, this.userId)),
     });
   };
 
   async update(id: string, value: Partial<SessionGroupItem>) {
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .update(sessionGroups)
       .set({ ...value, updatedAt: new Date() })
       .where(and(eq(sessionGroups.id, id), eq(sessionGroups.userId, this.userId)));
diff --git a/src/database/server/models/agent.ts b/src/database/server/models/agent.ts
index a65eb21cdfb8..e90abf0bfe73 100644
--- a/src/database/server/models/agent.ts
+++ b/src/database/server/models/agent.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 import { inArray } from 'drizzle-orm';
 import { and, desc, eq } from 'drizzle-orm/expressions';
 
-import { serverDB } from '@/database/server';
+import { LobeChatDatabase } from '@/database/type';
+
 import {
   agents,
   agentsFiles,
@@ -9,16 +10,19 @@ import {
   agentsToSessions,
   files,
   knowledgeBases,
-} from '@/database/server/schemas/lobechat';
+} from '../schemas/lobechat';
 
 export class AgentModel {
   private userId: string;
-  constructor(userId: string) {
+  private db: LobeChatDatabase;
+
+  constructor(db: LobeChatDatabase, userId: string) {
     this.userId = userId;
+    this.db = db;
   }
 
   async getAgentConfigById(id: string) {
-    const agent = await serverDB.query.agents.findFirst({ where: eq(agents.id, id) });
+    const agent = await this.db.query.agents.findFirst({ where: eq(agents.id, id) });
 
     const knowledge = await this.getAgentAssignedKnowledge(id);
 
@@ -26,14 +30,14 @@ export class AgentModel {
   }
 
   async getAgentAssignedKnowledge(id: string) {
-    const knowledgeBaseResult = await serverDB
+    const knowledgeBaseResult = await this.db
       .select({ enabled: agentsKnowledgeBases.enabled, knowledgeBases })
       .from(agentsKnowledgeBases)
       .where(eq(agentsKnowledgeBases.agentId, id))
       .orderBy(desc(agentsKnowledgeBases.createdAt))
       .leftJoin(knowledgeBases, eq(knowledgeBases.id, agentsKnowledgeBases.knowledgeBaseId));
 
-    const fileResult = await serverDB
+    const fileResult = await this.db
       .select({ enabled: agentsFiles.enabled, files })
       .from(agentsFiles)
       .where(eq(agentsFiles.agentId, id))
@@ -56,7 +60,7 @@ export class AgentModel {
    * Find agent by session id
    */
   async findBySessionId(sessionId: string) {
-    const item = await serverDB.query.agentsToSessions.findFirst({
+    const item = await this.db.query.agentsToSessions.findFirst({
       where: eq(agentsToSessions.sessionId, sessionId),
     });
     if (!item) return;
@@ -71,7 +75,7 @@ export class AgentModel {
     knowledgeBaseId: string,
     enabled: boolean = true,
   ) => {
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .insert(agentsKnowledgeBases)
       .values({
         agentId,
@@ -83,7 +87,7 @@ export class AgentModel {
   };
 
   deleteAgentKnowledgeBase = async (agentId: string, knowledgeBaseId: string) => {
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .delete(agentsKnowledgeBases)
       .where(
         and(
@@ -96,7 +100,7 @@ export class AgentModel {
   };
 
   toggleKnowledgeBase = async (agentId: string, knowledgeBaseId: string, enabled?: boolean) => {
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .update(agentsKnowledgeBases)
       .set({ enabled })
       .where(
@@ -111,7 +115,7 @@ export class AgentModel {
 
   createAgentFiles = async (agentId: string, fileIds: string[], enabled: boolean = true) => {
     // Exclude the fileIds that already exist in agentsFiles, and then insert them
-    const existingFiles = await serverDB
+    const existingFiles = await this.db
       .select({ id: agentsFiles.fileId })
       .from(agentsFiles)
       .where(
@@ -128,7 +132,7 @@ export class AgentModel {
 
     if (needToInsertFileIds.length === 0) return;
 
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .insert(agentsFiles)
       .values(
         needToInsertFileIds.map((fileId) => ({ agentId, enabled, fileId, userId: this.userId })),
@@ -137,7 +141,7 @@ export class AgentModel {
   };
 
   deleteAgentFile = async (agentId: string, fileId: string) => {
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .delete(agentsFiles)
       .where(
         and(
@@ -150,7 +154,7 @@ export class AgentModel {
   };
 
   toggleFile = async (agentId: string, fileId: string, enabled?: boolean) => {
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .update(agentsFiles)
       .set({ enabled })
       .where(
diff --git a/src/database/server/models/asyncTask.ts b/src/database/server/models/asyncTask.ts
index 94235505b3cb..f95aede4248b 100644
--- a/src/database/server/models/asyncTask.ts
+++ b/src/database/server/models/asyncTask.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { eq, inArray, lt } from 'drizzle-orm';
 import { and } from 'drizzle-orm/expressions';
 
-import { serverDB } from '@/database/server';
+import { LobeChatDatabase } from '@/database/type';
 import {
   AsyncTaskError,
   AsyncTaskErrorType,
@@ -16,13 +16,15 @@ export const ASYNC_TASK_TIMEOUT = 298 * 1000;
 
 export class AsyncTaskModel {
   private userId: string;
+  private db: LobeChatDatabase;
 
-  constructor(userId: string) {
+  constructor(db: LobeChatDatabase, userId: string) {
     this.userId = userId;
+    this.db = db;
   }
 
   create = async (params: Pick<NewAsyncTaskItem, 'type' | 'status'>): Promise<string> => {
-    const data = await serverDB
+    const data = await this.db
       .insert(asyncTasks)
       .values({ ...params, userId: this.userId })
       .returning();
@@ -31,17 +33,17 @@ export class AsyncTaskModel {
   };
 
   delete = async (id: string) => {
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .delete(asyncTasks)
       .where(and(eq(asyncTasks.id, id), eq(asyncTasks.userId, this.userId)));
   };
 
   findById = async (id: string) => {
-    return serverDB.query.asyncTasks.findFirst({ where: and(eq(asyncTasks.id, id)) });
+    return this.db.query.asyncTasks.findFirst({ where: and(eq(asyncTasks.id, id)) });
   };
 
   update(taskId: string, value: Partial<AsyncTaskSelectItem>) {
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .update(asyncTasks)
       .set({ ...value, updatedAt: new Date() })
       .where(and(eq(asyncTasks.id, taskId)));
@@ -52,7 +54,7 @@ export class AsyncTaskModel {
 
     if (taskIds.length > 0) {
       await this.checkTimeoutTasks(taskIds);
-      chunkTasks = await serverDB.query.asyncTasks.findMany({
+      chunkTasks = await this.db.query.asyncTasks.findMany({
         where: and(inArray(asyncTasks.id, taskIds), eq(asyncTasks.type, type)),
       });
     }
@@ -64,7 +66,7 @@ export class AsyncTaskModel {
    * make the task status to be `error` if the task is not finished in 20 seconds
    */
   async checkTimeoutTasks(ids: string[]) {
-    const tasks = await serverDB
+    const tasks = await this.db
       .select({ id: asyncTasks.id })
       .from(asyncTasks)
       .where(
@@ -76,7 +78,7 @@ export class AsyncTaskModel {
       );
 
     if (tasks.length > 0) {
-      await serverDB
+      await this.db
         .update(asyncTasks)
         .set({
           error: new AsyncTaskError(
diff --git a/src/database/server/models/chunk.ts b/src/database/server/models/chunk.ts
index 9c4dc7000def..91e8298daf6d 100644
--- a/src/database/server/models/chunk.ts
+++ b/src/database/server/models/chunk.ts
@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import { asc, cosineDistance, count, eq, inArray, sql } from 'drizzle-orm';
 import { and, desc, isNull } from 'drizzle-orm/expressions';
 import { chunk } from 'lodash-es';
 
-import { serverDB } from '@/database/server';
+import { LobeChatDatabase } from '@/database/type';
 import { ChunkMetadata, FileChunk } from '@/types/chunk';
 
 import {
@@ -18,12 +18,15 @@ import {
 export class ChunkModel {
   private userId: string;
 
-  constructor(userId: string) {
+  private db: LobeChatDatabase;
+
+  constructor(db: LobeChatDatabase, userId: string) {
     this.userId = userId;
+    this.db = db;
   }
 
   bulkCreate = async (params: NewChunkItem[], fileId: string) => {
-    return serverDB.transaction(async (trx) => {
+    return this.db.transaction(async (trx) => {
       const result = await trx.insert(chunks).values(params).returning();
 
       const fileChunksData = result.map((chunk) => ({ chunkId: chunk.id, fileId }));
@@ -37,15 +40,15 @@ export class ChunkModel {
   };
 
   bulkCreateUnstructuredChunks = async (params: NewUnstructuredChunkItem[]) => {
-    return serverDB.insert(unstructuredChunks).values(params);
+    return this.db.insert(unstructuredChunks).values(params);
   };
 
   delete = async (id: string) => {
-    return serverDB.delete(chunks).where(and(eq(chunks.id, id), eq(chunks.userId, this.userId)));
+    return this.db.delete(chunks).where(and(eq(chunks.id, id), eq(chunks.userId, this.userId)));
   };
 
   deleteOrphanChunks = async () => {
-    const orphanedChunks = await serverDB
+    const orphanedChunks = await this.db
       .select({ chunkId: chunks.id })
       .from(chunks)
       .leftJoin(fileChunks, eq(chunks.id, fileChunks.chunkId))
@@ -56,7 +59,7 @@ export class ChunkModel {
 
     const list = chunk(ids, 500);
 
-    await serverDB.transaction(async (trx) => {
+    await this.db.transaction(async (trx) => {
       await Promise.all(
         list.map(async (chunkIds) => {
           await trx.delete(chunks).where(inArray(chunks.id, chunkIds));
@@ -66,13 +69,13 @@ export class ChunkModel {
   };
 
   findById = async (id: string) => {
-    return serverDB.query.chunks.findFirst({
+    return this.db.query.chunks.findFirst({
       where: and(eq(chunks.id, id)),
     });
   };
 
   async findByFileId(id: string, page = 0) {
-    const data = await serverDB
+    const data = await this.db
       .select({
         abstract: chunks.abstract,
         createdAt: chunks.createdAt,
@@ -98,7 +101,7 @@ export class ChunkModel {
   }
 
   async getChunksTextByFileId(id: string): Promise<{ id: string; text: string }[]> {
-    const data = await serverDB
+    const data = await this.db
       .select()
       .from(chunks)
       .innerJoin(fileChunks, eq(chunks.id, fileChunks.chunkId))
@@ -113,7 +116,7 @@ export class ChunkModel {
   async countByFileIds(ids: string[]) {
     if (ids.length === 0) return [];
 
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .select({
         count: count(fileChunks.chunkId),
         id: fileChunks.fileId,
@@ -124,7 +127,7 @@ export class ChunkModel {
   }
 
   async countByFileId(ids: string) {
-    const data = await serverDB
+    const data = await this.db
       .select({
         count: count(fileChunks.chunkId),
         id: fileChunks.fileId,
@@ -146,7 +149,7 @@ export class ChunkModel {
   }) {
     const similarity = sql<number>`1 - (${cosineDistance(embeddings.embeddings, embedding)})`;
 
-    const data = await serverDB
+    const data = await this.db
       .select({
         fileId: fileChunks.fileId,
         fileName: files.name,
@@ -185,7 +188,7 @@ export class ChunkModel {
 
     if (!hasFiles) return [];
 
-    const result = await serverDB
+    const result = await this.db
       .select({
         fileId: files.id,
         fileName: files.name,
diff --git a/src/database/server/models/embedding.ts b/src/database/server/models/embedding.ts
index ffe36ba6a4ef..f0b06666a7b4 100644
--- a/src/database/server/models/embedding.ts
+++ b/src/database/server/models/embedding.ts
@@ -1,19 +1,21 @@
 import { count, eq } from 'drizzle-orm';
 import { and } from 'drizzle-orm/expressions';
 
-import { serverDB } from '@/database/server';
+import { LobeChatDatabase } from '@/database/type';
 
 import { NewEmbeddingsItem, embeddings } from '../schemas/lobechat';
 
 export class EmbeddingModel {
   private userId: string;
+  private db: LobeChatDatabase;
 
-  constructor(userId: string) {
+  constructor(db: LobeChatDatabase, userId: string) {
     this.userId = userId;
+    this.db = db;
   }
 
   create = async (value: Omit<NewEmbeddingsItem, 'userId'>) => {
-    const [item] = await serverDB
+    const [item] = await this.db
       .insert(embeddings)
       .values({ ...value, userId: this.userId })
       .returning();
@@ -22,7 +24,7 @@ export class EmbeddingModel {
   };
 
   bulkCreate = async (values: Omit<NewEmbeddingsItem, 'userId'>[]) => {
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .insert(embeddings)
       .values(values.map((item) => ({ ...item, userId: this.userId })))
       .onConflictDoNothing({
@@ -31,25 +33,25 @@ export class EmbeddingModel {
   };
 
   delete = async (id: string) => {
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .delete(embeddings)
       .where(and(eq(embeddings.id, id), eq(embeddings.userId, this.userId)));
   };
 
   query = async () => {
-    return serverDB.query.embeddings.findMany({
+    return this.db.query.embeddings.findMany({
       where: eq(embeddings.userId, this.userId),
     });
   };
 
   findById = async (id: string) => {
-    return serverDB.query.embeddings.findFirst({
+    return this.db.query.embeddings.findFirst({
       where: and(eq(embeddings.id, id), eq(embeddings.userId, this.userId)),
     });
   };
 
   countUsage = async () => {
-    const result = await serverDB
+    const result = await this.db
       .select({
         count: count(),
       })
diff --git a/src/database/server/models/file.ts b/src/database/server/models/file.ts
index 189065490174..52cda3d56c61 100644
--- a/src/database/server/models/file.ts
+++ b/src/database/server/models/file.ts
@@ -2,8 +2,7 @@ import { asc, count, eq, ilike, inArray, notExists, or, sum } from 'drizzle-orm'
 import { and, desc, like } from 'drizzle-orm/expressions';
 import type { PgTransaction } from 'drizzle-orm/pg-core';
 
-import { serverDBEnv } from '@/config/db';
-import { serverDB } from '@/database/server/core/db';
+import { LobeChatDatabase } from '@/database/type';
 import { FilesTabs, QueryFileListParams, SortType } from '@/types/files';
 
 import {
@@ -20,13 +19,15 @@ import {
 
 export class FileModel {
   private readonly userId: string;
+  private db: LobeChatDatabase;
 
-  constructor(userId: string) {
+  constructor(db: LobeChatDatabase, userId: string) {
     this.userId = userId;
+    this.db = db;
   }
 
   create = async (params: Omit<NewFile, 'id' | 'userId'> & { knowledgeBaseId?: string }) => {
-    const result = await serverDB.transaction(async (trx) => {
+    const result = await this.db.transaction(async (trx) => {
       const result = await trx
         .insert(files)
         .values({ ...params, userId: this.userId })
@@ -47,11 +48,11 @@ export class FileModel {
   };
 
   createGlobalFile = async (file: Omit<NewGlobalFile, 'id' | 'userId'>) => {
-    return serverDB.insert(globalFiles).values(file).returning();
+    return this.db.insert(globalFiles).values(file).returning();
   };
 
   checkHash = async (hash: string) => {
-    const item = await serverDB.query.globalFiles.findFirst({
+    const item = await this.db.query.globalFiles.findFirst({
       where: eq(globalFiles.hashId, hash),
     });
     if (!item) return { isExist: false };
@@ -71,7 +72,7 @@ export class FileModel {
 
     const fileHash = file.fileHash!;
 
-    return await serverDB.transaction(async (trx) => {
+    return await this.db.transaction(async (trx) => {
       // 1. 删除相关的 chunks
       await this.deleteFileChunks(trx as any, [id]);
 
@@ -86,8 +87,7 @@ export class FileModel {
       const fileCount = result[0].count;
 
       // delete the file from global file if it is not used by other files
-      // if `DISABLE_REMOVE_GLOBAL_FILE` is true, we will not remove the global file
-      if (fileCount === 0 && !serverDBEnv.DISABLE_REMOVE_GLOBAL_FILE) {
+      if (fileCount === 0) {
         await trx.delete(globalFiles).where(eq(globalFiles.hashId, fileHash));
 
         return file;
@@ -96,11 +96,11 @@ export class FileModel {
   };
 
   deleteGlobalFile = async (hashId: string) => {
-    return serverDB.delete(globalFiles).where(eq(globalFiles.hashId, hashId));
+    return this.db.delete(globalFiles).where(eq(globalFiles.hashId, hashId));
   };
 
   countUsage = async () => {
-    const result = await serverDB
+    const result = await this.db
       .select({
         totalSize: sum(files.size),
       })
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ export class FileModel {
     const fileList = await this.findByIds(ids);
     const hashList = fileList.map((file) => file.fileHash!);
 
-    return await serverDB.transaction(async (trx) => {
+    return await this.db.transaction(async (trx) => {
       // 1. 删除相关的 chunks
       await this.deleteFileChunks(trx as any, ids);
 
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ export class FileModel {
 
       const needToDeleteList = fileHashCounts.filter((item) => item.count === 0);
 
-      if (needToDeleteList.length === 0 || serverDBEnv.DISABLE_REMOVE_GLOBAL_FILE) return;
+      if (needToDeleteList.length === 0) return;
 
       // delete the file from global file if it is not used by other files
       await trx.delete(globalFiles).where(
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ export class FileModel {
   };
 
   clear = async () => {
-    return serverDB.delete(files).where(eq(files.userId, this.userId));
+    return this.db.delete(files).where(eq(files.userId, this.userId));
   };
 
   query = async ({
@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ export class FileModel {
     }
 
     // 3. build query
-    let query = serverDB
+    let query = this.db
       .select({
         chunkTaskId: files.chunkTaskId,
         createdAt: files.createdAt,
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ export class FileModel {
       whereClause = and(
         whereClause,
         notExists(
-          serverDB.select().from(knowledgeBaseFiles).where(eq(knowledgeBaseFiles.fileId, files.id)),
+          this.db.select().from(knowledgeBaseFiles).where(eq(knowledgeBaseFiles.fileId, files.id)),
         ),
       );
     }
@@ -240,19 +240,19 @@ export class FileModel {
   };
 
   findByIds = async (ids: string[]) => {
-    return serverDB.query.files.findMany({
+    return this.db.query.files.findMany({
       where: and(inArray(files.id, ids), eq(files.userId, this.userId)),
     });
   };
 
   findById = async (id: string) => {
-    return serverDB.query.files.findFirst({
+    return this.db.query.files.findFirst({
       where: and(eq(files.id, id), eq(files.userId, this.userId)),
     });
   };
 
   countFilesByHash = async (hash: string) => {
-    const result = await serverDB
+    const result = await this.db
       .select({
         count: count(),
       })
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ export class FileModel {
   };
 
   async update(id: string, value: Partial<FileItem>) {
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .update(files)
       .set({ ...value, updatedAt: new Date() })
       .where(and(eq(files.id, id), eq(files.userId, this.userId)));
@@ -293,7 +293,7 @@ export class FileModel {
   };
 
   async findByNames(fileNames: string[]) {
-    return serverDB.query.files.findMany({
+    return this.db.query.files.findMany({
       where: and(
         or(...fileNames.map((name) => like(files.name, `${name}%`))),
         eq(files.userId, this.userId),
diff --git a/src/database/server/models/knowledgeBase.ts b/src/database/server/models/knowledgeBase.ts
index 1dd852f70f1e..0af61a198bde 100644
--- a/src/database/server/models/knowledgeBase.ts
+++ b/src/database/server/models/knowledgeBase.ts
@@ -1,22 +1,24 @@
 import { eq, inArray } from 'drizzle-orm';
 import { and, desc } from 'drizzle-orm/expressions';
 
-import { serverDB } from '@/database/server';
+import { LobeChatDatabase } from '@/database/type';
 import { KnowledgeBaseItem } from '@/types/knowledgeBase';
 
 import { NewKnowledgeBase, knowledgeBaseFiles, knowledgeBases } from '../schemas/lobechat';
 
 export class KnowledgeBaseModel {
   private userId: string;
+  private db: LobeChatDatabase;
 
-  constructor(userId: string) {
+  constructor(db: LobeChatDatabase, userId: string) {
     this.userId = userId;
+    this.db = db;
   }
 
   // create
 
   create = async (params: Omit<NewKnowledgeBase, 'userId'>) => {
-    const [result] = await serverDB
+    const [result] = await this.db
       .insert(knowledgeBases)
       .values({ ...params, userId: this.userId })
       .returning();
@@ -25,7 +27,7 @@ export class KnowledgeBaseModel {
   };
 
   addFilesToKnowledgeBase = async (id: string, fileIds: string[]) => {
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .insert(knowledgeBaseFiles)
       .values(fileIds.map((fileId) => ({ fileId, knowledgeBaseId: id, userId: this.userId })))
       .returning();
@@ -33,17 +35,17 @@ export class KnowledgeBaseModel {
 
   // delete
   delete = async (id: string) => {
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .delete(knowledgeBases)
       .where(and(eq(knowledgeBases.id, id), eq(knowledgeBases.userId, this.userId)));
   };
 
   deleteAll = async () => {
-    return serverDB.delete(knowledgeBases).where(eq(knowledgeBases.userId, this.userId));
+    return this.db.delete(knowledgeBases).where(eq(knowledgeBases.userId, this.userId));
   };
 
   removeFilesFromKnowledgeBase = async (knowledgeBaseId: string, ids: string[]) => {
-    return serverDB.delete(knowledgeBaseFiles).where(
+    return this.db.delete(knowledgeBaseFiles).where(
       and(
         eq(knowledgeBaseFiles.knowledgeBaseId, knowledgeBaseId),
         inArray(knowledgeBaseFiles.fileId, ids),
@@ -53,7 +55,7 @@ export class KnowledgeBaseModel {
   };
   // query
   query = async () => {
-    const data = await serverDB
+    const data = await this.db
       .select({
         avatar: knowledgeBases.avatar,
         createdAt: knowledgeBases.createdAt,
@@ -73,21 +75,21 @@ export class KnowledgeBaseModel {
   };
 
   findById = async (id: string) => {
-    return serverDB.query.knowledgeBases.findFirst({
+    return this.db.query.knowledgeBases.findFirst({
       where: and(eq(knowledgeBases.id, id), eq(knowledgeBases.userId, this.userId)),
     });
   };
 
   // update
   async update(id: string, value: Partial<KnowledgeBaseItem>) {
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .update(knowledgeBases)
       .set({ ...value, updatedAt: new Date() })
       .where(and(eq(knowledgeBases.id, id), eq(knowledgeBases.userId, this.userId)));
   }
 
-  static async findById(id: string) {
-    return serverDB.query.knowledgeBases.findFirst({
+  static async findById(db: LobeChatDatabase, id: string) {
+    return db.query.knowledgeBases.findFirst({
       where: eq(knowledgeBases.id, id),
     });
   }
diff --git a/src/database/server/models/message.ts b/src/database/server/models/message.ts
index 24670a680e9d..9a828bb3aa40 100644
--- a/src/database/server/models/message.ts
+++ b/src/database/server/models/message.ts
@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
 import { count } from 'drizzle-orm';
 import { and, asc, desc, eq, gte, inArray, isNull, like, lt } from 'drizzle-orm/expressions';
 
-import { serverDB } from '@/database/server/core/db';
-import { idGenerator } from '@/database/server/utils/idGenerator';
+import { LobeChatDatabase } from '@/database/type';
 import { getFullFileUrl } from '@/server/utils/files';
 import {
   ChatFileItem,
@@ -29,6 +28,7 @@ import {
   messages,
   messagesFiles,
 } from '../schemas/lobechat';
+import { idGenerator } from '../utils/idGenerator';
 
 export interface QueryMessageParams {
   current?: number;
@@ -39,9 +39,11 @@ export interface QueryMessageParams {
 
 export class MessageModel {
   private userId: string;
+  private db: LobeChatDatabase;
 
-  constructor(userId: string) {
+  constructor(db: LobeChatDatabase, userId: string) {
     this.userId = userId;
+    this.db = db;
   }
 
   // **************** Query *************** //
@@ -54,7 +56,7 @@ export class MessageModel {
     const offset = current * pageSize;
 
     // 1. get basic messages
-    const result = await serverDB
+    const result = await this.db
       .select({
         /* eslint-disable sort-keys-fix/sort-keys-fix*/
         id: messages.id,
@@ -115,7 +117,7 @@ export class MessageModel {
     if (messageIds.length === 0) return [];
 
     // 2. get relative files
-    const rawRelatedFileList = await serverDB
+    const rawRelatedFileList = await this.db
       .select({
         fileType: files.fileType,
         id: messagesFiles.fileId,
@@ -139,7 +141,7 @@ export class MessageModel {
     const fileList = relatedFileList.filter((i) => !(i.fileType || '').startsWith('image'));
 
     // 3. get relative file chunks
-    const chunksList = await serverDB
+    const chunksList = await this.db
       .select({
         fileId: files.id,
         fileType: files.fileType,
@@ -157,7 +159,7 @@ export class MessageModel {
       .where(inArray(messageQueryChunks.messageId, messageIds));
 
     // 3. get relative message query
-    const messageQueriesList = await serverDB
+    const messageQueriesList = await this.db
       .select({
         id: messageQueries.id,
         messageId: messageQueries.messageId,
@@ -216,13 +218,13 @@ export class MessageModel {
   }
 
   async findById(id: string) {
-    return serverDB.query.messages.findFirst({
+    return this.db.query.messages.findFirst({
       where: and(eq(messages.id, id), eq(messages.userId, this.userId)),
     });
   }
 
   async findMessageQueriesById(messageId: string) {
-    const result = await serverDB
+    const result = await this.db
       .select({
         embeddings: embeddings.embeddings,
         id: messageQueries.id,
@@ -240,7 +242,7 @@ export class MessageModel {
   }
 
   async queryAll(): Promise<MessageItem[]> {
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .select()
       .from(messages)
       .orderBy(messages.createdAt)
@@ -250,7 +252,7 @@ export class MessageModel {
   }
 
   async queryBySessionId(sessionId?: string | null): Promise<MessageItem[]> {
-    return serverDB.query.messages.findMany({
+    return this.db.query.messages.findMany({
       orderBy: [asc(messages.createdAt)],
       where: and(eq(messages.userId, this.userId), this.matchSession(sessionId)),
     });
@@ -259,14 +261,14 @@ export class MessageModel {
   async queryByKeyword(keyword: string): Promise<MessageItem[]> {
     if (!keyword) return [];
 
-    return serverDB.query.messages.findMany({
+    return this.db.query.messages.findMany({
       orderBy: [desc(messages.createdAt)],
       where: and(eq(messages.userId, this.userId), like(messages.content, `%${keyword}%`)),
     });
   }
 
   async count() {
-    const result = await serverDB
+    const result = await this.db
       .select({
         count: count(),
       })
@@ -283,7 +285,7 @@ export class MessageModel {
     const tomorrow = new Date(today);
     tomorrow.setDate(tomorrow.getDate() + 1);
 
-    const result = await serverDB
+    const result = await this.db
       .select({
         count: count(),
       })
@@ -315,7 +317,7 @@ export class MessageModel {
     }: CreateMessageParams,
     id: string = this.genId(),
   ): Promise<MessageItem> {
-    return serverDB.transaction(async (trx) => {
+    return this.db.transaction(async (trx) => {
       const [item] = (await trx
         .insert(messages)
         .values({
@@ -366,72 +368,72 @@ export class MessageModel {
       return { ...m, userId: this.userId };
     });
 
-    return serverDB.insert(messages).values(messagesToInsert);
+    return this.db.insert(messages).values(messagesToInsert);
   }
 
   async createMessageQuery(params: NewMessageQuery) {
-    const result = await serverDB.insert(messageQueries).values(params).returning();
+    const result = await this.db.insert(messageQueries).values(params).returning();
 
     return result[0];
   }
   // **************** Update *************** //
 
   async update(id: string, message: Partial<MessageItem>) {
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .update(messages)
       .set(message)
       .where(and(eq(messages.id, id), eq(messages.userId, this.userId)));
   }
 
   async updatePluginState(id: string, state: Record<string, any>) {
-    const item = await serverDB.query.messagePlugins.findFirst({
+    const item = await this.db.query.messagePlugins.findFirst({
       where: eq(messagePlugins.id, id),
     });
     if (!item) throw new Error('Plugin not found');
 
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .update(messagePlugins)
       .set({ state: merge(item.state || {}, state) })
       .where(eq(messagePlugins.id, id));
   }
 
   async updateMessagePlugin(id: string, value: Partial<MessagePluginItem>) {
-    const item = await serverDB.query.messagePlugins.findFirst({
+    const item = await this.db.query.messagePlugins.findFirst({
       where: eq(messagePlugins.id, id),
     });
     if (!item) throw new Error('Plugin not found');
 
-    return serverDB.update(messagePlugins).set(value).where(eq(messagePlugins.id, id));
+    return this.db.update(messagePlugins).set(value).where(eq(messagePlugins.id, id));
   }
 
   async updateTranslate(id: string, translate: Partial<MessageItem>) {
-    const result = await serverDB.query.messageTranslates.findFirst({
+    const result = await this.db.query.messageTranslates.findFirst({
       where: and(eq(messageTranslates.id, id)),
     });
 
     // If the message does not exist in the translate table, insert it
     if (!result) {
-      return serverDB.insert(messageTranslates).values({ ...translate, id });
+      return this.db.insert(messageTranslates).values({ ...translate, id });
     }
 
     // or just update the existing one
-    return serverDB.update(messageTranslates).set(translate).where(eq(messageTranslates.id, id));
+    return this.db.update(messageTranslates).set(translate).where(eq(messageTranslates.id, id));
   }
 
   async updateTTS(id: string, tts: Partial<ChatTTS>) {
-    const result = await serverDB.query.messageTTS.findFirst({
+    const result = await this.db.query.messageTTS.findFirst({
       where: and(eq(messageTTS.id, id)),
     });
 
     // If the message does not exist in the translate table, insert it
     if (!result) {
-      return serverDB
+      return this.db
         .insert(messageTTS)
         .values({ contentMd5: tts.contentMd5, fileId: tts.file, id, voice: tts.voice });
     }
 
     // or just update the existing one
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .update(messageTTS)
       .set({ contentMd5: tts.contentMd5, fileId: tts.file, voice: tts.voice })
       .where(eq(messageTTS.id, id));
@@ -440,7 +442,7 @@ export class MessageModel {
   // **************** Delete *************** //
 
   async deleteMessage(id: string) {
-    return serverDB.transaction(async (tx) => {
+    return this.db.transaction(async (tx) => {
       // 1. 查询要删除的 message 的完整信息
       const message = await tx
         .select()
@@ -476,25 +478,25 @@ export class MessageModel {
   }
 
   async deleteMessages(ids: string[]) {
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .delete(messages)
       .where(and(eq(messages.userId, this.userId), inArray(messages.id, ids)));
   }
 
   async deleteMessageTranslate(id: string) {
-    return serverDB.delete(messageTranslates).where(and(eq(messageTranslates.id, id)));
+    return this.db.delete(messageTranslates).where(and(eq(messageTranslates.id, id)));
   }
 
   async deleteMessageTTS(id: string) {
-    return serverDB.delete(messageTTS).where(and(eq(messageTTS.id, id)));
+    return this.db.delete(messageTTS).where(and(eq(messageTTS.id, id)));
   }
 
   async deleteMessageQuery(id: string) {
-    return serverDB.delete(messageQueries).where(and(eq(messageQueries.id, id)));
+    return this.db.delete(messageQueries).where(and(eq(messageQueries.id, id)));
   }
 
   async deleteMessagesBySession(sessionId?: string | null, topicId?: string | null) {
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .delete(messages)
       .where(
         and(
@@ -506,7 +508,7 @@ export class MessageModel {
   }
 
   async deleteAllMessages() {
-    return serverDB.delete(messages).where(eq(messages.userId, this.userId));
+    return this.db.delete(messages).where(eq(messages.userId, this.userId));
   }
 
   // **************** Helper *************** //
diff --git a/src/database/server/models/plugin.ts b/src/database/server/models/plugin.ts
index 99089827c0cf..7816b0a8f37f 100644
--- a/src/database/server/models/plugin.ts
+++ b/src/database/server/models/plugin.ts
@@ -1,20 +1,22 @@
 import { and, desc, eq } from 'drizzle-orm/expressions';
 
-import { serverDB } from '@/database/server';
+import { LobeChatDatabase } from '@/database/type';
 
 import { InstalledPluginItem, NewInstalledPlugin, installedPlugins } from '../schemas/lobechat';
 
 export class PluginModel {
   private userId: string;
+  private db: LobeChatDatabase;
 
-  constructor(userId: string) {
+  constructor(db: LobeChatDatabase, userId: string) {
     this.userId = userId;
+    this.db = db;
   }
 
   create = async (
     params: Pick<NewInstalledPlugin, 'type' | 'identifier' | 'manifest' | 'customParams'>,
   ) => {
-    const [result] = await serverDB
+    const [result] = await this.db
       .insert(installedPlugins)
       .values({ ...params, createdAt: new Date(), updatedAt: new Date(), userId: this.userId })
       .returning();
@@ -23,17 +25,17 @@ export class PluginModel {
   };
 
   delete = async (id: string) => {
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .delete(installedPlugins)
       .where(and(eq(installedPlugins.identifier, id), eq(installedPlugins.userId, this.userId)));
   };
 
   deleteAll = async () => {
-    return serverDB.delete(installedPlugins).where(eq(installedPlugins.userId, this.userId));
+    return this.db.delete(installedPlugins).where(eq(installedPlugins.userId, this.userId));
   };
 
   query = async () => {
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .select({
         createdAt: installedPlugins.createdAt,
         customParams: installedPlugins.customParams,
@@ -49,13 +51,13 @@ export class PluginModel {
   };
 
   findById = async (id: string) => {
-    return serverDB.query.installedPlugins.findFirst({
+    return this.db.query.installedPlugins.findFirst({
       where: and(eq(installedPlugins.identifier, id), eq(installedPlugins.userId, this.userId)),
     });
   };
 
   async update(id: string, value: Partial<InstalledPluginItem>) {
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .update(installedPlugins)
       .set({ ...value, updatedAt: new Date() })
       .where(and(eq(installedPlugins.identifier, id), eq(installedPlugins.userId, this.userId)));
diff --git a/src/database/server/models/ragEval/evaluationRecord.ts b/src/database/server/models/ragEval/evaluationRecord.ts
index b8a7374697a1..390e8248c59d 100644
--- a/src/database/server/models/ragEval/evaluationRecord.ts
+++ b/src/database/server/models/ragEval/evaluationRecord.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 import { and, eq } from 'drizzle-orm';
 
 import { serverDB } from '@/database/server';
-import { NewEvaluationRecordsItem, evaluationRecords } from '@/database/server/schemas/lobechat';
+
+import { NewEvaluationRecordsItem, evaluationRecords } from '../../schemas/lobechat';
 
 export class EvaluationRecordModel {
   private userId: string;
diff --git a/src/database/server/models/session.ts b/src/database/server/models/session.ts
index 01d4bb287d86..057cfc5086e9 100644
--- a/src/database/server/models/session.ts
+++ b/src/database/server/models/session.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { and, desc, eq, isNull, not, or } from 'drizzle-orm/expressions';
 import { appEnv } from '@/config/app';
 import { INBOX_SESSION_ID } from '@/const/session';
 import { DEFAULT_AGENT_CONFIG } from '@/const/settings';
-import { serverDB } from '@/database/server/core/db';
+import { LobeChatDatabase } from '@/database/type';
 import { parseAgentConfig } from '@/server/globalConfig/parseDefaultAgent';
 import { ChatSessionList, LobeAgentSession } from '@/types/session';
 import { merge } from '@/utils/merge';
@@ -23,16 +23,18 @@ import { idGenerator } from '../utils/idGenerator';
 
 export class SessionModel {
   private userId: string;
+  private db: LobeChatDatabase;
 
-  constructor(userId: string) {
+  constructor(db: LobeChatDatabase, userId: string) {
     this.userId = userId;
+    this.db = db;
   }
   // **************** Query *************** //
 
   async query({ current = 0, pageSize = 9999 } = {}) {
     const offset = current * pageSize;
 
-    return serverDB.query.sessions.findMany({
+    return this.db.query.sessions.findMany({
       limit: pageSize,
       offset,
       orderBy: [desc(sessions.updatedAt)],
@@ -45,7 +47,7 @@ export class SessionModel {
     // 查询所有会话
     const result = await this.query();
 
-    const groups = await serverDB.query.sessionGroups.findMany({
+    const groups = await this.db.query.sessionGroups.findMany({
       orderBy: [asc(sessionGroups.sort), desc(sessionGroups.createdAt)],
       where: eq(sessions.userId, this.userId),
     });
@@ -69,7 +71,7 @@ export class SessionModel {
   async findByIdOrSlug(
     idOrSlug: string,
   ): Promise<(SessionItem & { agent: AgentItem }) | undefined> {
-    const result = await serverDB.query.sessions.findFirst({
+    const result = await this.db.query.sessions.findFirst({
       where: and(
         or(eq(sessions.id, idOrSlug), eq(sessions.slug, idOrSlug)),
         eq(sessions.userId, this.userId),
@@ -83,7 +85,7 @@ export class SessionModel {
   }
 
   async count() {
-    const result = await serverDB
+    const result = await this.db
       .select({
         count: count(),
       })
@@ -109,7 +111,7 @@ export class SessionModel {
     slug?: string;
     type: 'agent' | 'group';
   }): Promise<SessionItem> {
-    return serverDB.transaction(async (trx) => {
+    return this.db.transaction(async (trx) => {
       const newAgents = await trx
         .insert(agents)
         .values({
@@ -144,7 +146,7 @@ export class SessionModel {
   }
 
   async createInbox() {
-    const item = await serverDB.query.sessions.findFirst({
+    const item = await this.db.query.sessions.findFirst({
       where: and(eq(sessions.userId, this.userId), eq(sessions.slug, INBOX_SESSION_ID)),
     });
     if (item) return;
@@ -167,7 +169,7 @@ export class SessionModel {
       };
     });
 
-    return serverDB.insert(sessions).values(sessionsToInsert);
+    return this.db.insert(sessions).values(sessionsToInsert);
   }
 
   async duplicate(id: string, newTitle?: string) {
@@ -199,7 +201,7 @@ export class SessionModel {
    * Delete a session, also delete all messages and topics associated with it.
    */
   async delete(id: string) {
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .delete(sessions)
       .where(and(eq(sessions.id, id), eq(sessions.userId, this.userId)));
   }
@@ -208,18 +210,18 @@ export class SessionModel {
    * Batch delete sessions, also delete all messages and topics associated with them.
    */
   async batchDelete(ids: string[]) {
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .delete(sessions)
       .where(and(inArray(sessions.id, ids), eq(sessions.userId, this.userId)));
   }
 
   async deleteAll() {
-    return serverDB.delete(sessions).where(eq(sessions.userId, this.userId));
+    return this.db.delete(sessions).where(eq(sessions.userId, this.userId));
   }
   // **************** Update *************** //
 
   async update(id: string, data: Partial<SessionItem>) {
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .update(sessions)
       .set(data)
       .where(and(eq(sessions.id, id), eq(sessions.userId, this.userId)))
@@ -227,7 +229,7 @@ export class SessionModel {
   }
 
   async updateConfig(id: string, data: Partial<AgentItem>) {
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .update(agents)
       .set(data)
       .where(and(eq(agents.id, id), eq(agents.userId, this.userId)));
@@ -272,7 +274,7 @@ export class SessionModel {
     const { pinned, keyword, group, pageSize = 9999, current = 0 } = params;
 
     const offset = current * pageSize;
-    return serverDB.query.sessions.findMany({
+    return this.db.query.sessions.findMany({
       limit: pageSize,
       offset,
       orderBy: [desc(sessions.updatedAt)],
@@ -281,15 +283,15 @@ export class SessionModel {
         pinned !== undefined ? eq(sessions.pinned, pinned) : eq(sessions.userId, this.userId),
         keyword
           ? or(
-            like(
-              sql`lower(${sessions.title})` as unknown as Column,
-              `%${keyword.toLowerCase()}%`,
-            ),
-            like(
-              sql`lower(${sessions.description})` as unknown as Column,
-              `%${keyword.toLowerCase()}%`,
-            ),
-          )
+              like(
+                sql`lower(${sessions.title})` as unknown as Column,
+                `%${keyword.toLowerCase()}%`,
+              ),
+              like(
+                sql`lower(${sessions.description})` as unknown as Column,
+                `%${keyword.toLowerCase()}%`,
+              ),
+            )
           : eq(sessions.userId, this.userId),
         group ? eq(sessions.groupId, group) : isNull(sessions.groupId),
       ),
@@ -298,29 +300,22 @@ export class SessionModel {
     });
   }
 
-  async findSessionsByKeywords(params: {
-    current?: number;
-    keyword: string;
-    pageSize?: number;
-  }) {
+  async findSessionsByKeywords(params: { current?: number; keyword: string; pageSize?: number }) {
     const { keyword, pageSize = 9999, current = 0 } = params;
     const offset = current * pageSize;
-    const results = await serverDB.query.agents.findMany({
+    const results = await this.db.query.agents.findMany({
       limit: pageSize,
       offset,
       orderBy: [desc(agents.updatedAt)],
       where: and(
         eq(agents.userId, this.userId),
         or(
-          like(
-            sql`lower(${agents.title})` as unknown as Column,
-            `%${keyword.toLowerCase()}%`,
-          ),
+          like(sql`lower(${agents.title})` as unknown as Column, `%${keyword.toLowerCase()}%`),
           like(
             sql`lower(${agents.description})` as unknown as Column,
             `%${keyword.toLowerCase()}%`,
           ),
-        )
+        ),
       ),
       with: { agentsToSessions: { columns: {}, with: { session: true } } },
     });
@@ -328,6 +323,6 @@ export class SessionModel {
       // @ts-expect-error
       return results.map((item) => item.agentsToSessions[0].session);
     } catch {}
-    return []
+    return [];
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/database/server/models/sessionGroup.ts b/src/database/server/models/sessionGroup.ts
index ab257184a946..17557cd63247 100644
--- a/src/database/server/models/sessionGroup.ts
+++ b/src/database/server/models/sessionGroup.ts
@@ -1,20 +1,22 @@
 import { eq } from 'drizzle-orm';
 import { and, asc, desc } from 'drizzle-orm/expressions';
 
-import { serverDB } from '@/database/server';
-import { idGenerator } from '@/database/server/utils/idGenerator';
+import { LobeChatDatabase } from '@/database/type';
 
 import { SessionGroupItem, sessionGroups } from '../schemas/lobechat';
+import { idGenerator } from '../utils/idGenerator';
 
 export class SessionGroupModel {
   private userId: string;
+  private db: LobeChatDatabase;
 
-  constructor(userId: string) {
+  constructor(db: LobeChatDatabase, userId: string) {
     this.userId = userId;
+    this.db = db;
   }
 
   create = async (params: { name: string; sort?: number }) => {
-    const [result] = await serverDB
+    const [result] = await this.db
       .insert(sessionGroups)
       .values({ ...params, id: this.genId(), userId: this.userId })
       .returning();
@@ -23,37 +25,37 @@ export class SessionGroupModel {
   };
 
   delete = async (id: string) => {
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .delete(sessionGroups)
       .where(and(eq(sessionGroups.id, id), eq(sessionGroups.userId, this.userId)));
   };
 
   deleteAll = async () => {
-    return serverDB.delete(sessionGroups).where(eq(sessionGroups.userId, this.userId));
+    return this.db.delete(sessionGroups).where(eq(sessionGroups.userId, this.userId));
   };
 
   query = async () => {
-    return serverDB.query.sessionGroups.findMany({
+    return this.db.query.sessionGroups.findMany({
       orderBy: [asc(sessionGroups.sort), desc(sessionGroups.createdAt)],
       where: eq(sessionGroups.userId, this.userId),
     });
   };
 
   findById = async (id: string) => {
-    return serverDB.query.sessionGroups.findFirst({
+    return this.db.query.sessionGroups.findFirst({
       where: and(eq(sessionGroups.id, id), eq(sessionGroups.userId, this.userId)),
     });
   };
 
   async update(id: string, value: Partial<SessionGroupItem>) {
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .update(sessionGroups)
       .set({ ...value, updatedAt: new Date() })
       .where(and(eq(sessionGroups.id, id), eq(sessionGroups.userId, this.userId)));
   }
 
   async updateOrder(sortMap: { id: string; sort: number }[]) {
-    await serverDB.transaction(async (tx) => {
+    await this.db.transaction(async (tx) => {
       const updates = sortMap.map(({ id, sort }) => {
         return tx
           .update(sessionGroups)
diff --git a/src/database/server/models/thread.ts b/src/database/server/models/thread.ts
index c8bc4542cb52..90706423089a 100644
--- a/src/database/server/models/thread.ts
+++ b/src/database/server/models/thread.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { eq } from 'drizzle-orm';
 import { and, desc } from 'drizzle-orm/expressions';
 
-import { serverDB } from '@/database/server';
+import { LobeChatDatabase } from '@/database/type';
 import { CreateThreadParams, ThreadStatus } from '@/types/topic';
 
 import { ThreadItem, threads } from '../schemas/lobechat';
@@ -20,14 +20,16 @@ const queryColumns = {
 
 export class ThreadModel {
   private userId: string;
+  private db: LobeChatDatabase;
 
-  constructor(userId: string) {
+  constructor(db: LobeChatDatabase, userId: string) {
     this.userId = userId;
+    this.db = db;
   }
 
   create = async (params: CreateThreadParams) => {
     // @ts-ignore
-    const [result] = await serverDB
+    const [result] = await this.db
       .insert(threads)
       .values({ ...params, status: ThreadStatus.Active, userId: this.userId })
       .onConflictDoNothing()
@@ -37,15 +39,15 @@ export class ThreadModel {
   };
 
   delete = async (id: string) => {
-    return serverDB.delete(threads).where(and(eq(threads.id, id), eq(threads.userId, this.userId)));
+    return this.db.delete(threads).where(and(eq(threads.id, id), eq(threads.userId, this.userId)));
   };
 
   deleteAll = async () => {
-    return serverDB.delete(threads).where(eq(threads.userId, this.userId));
+    return this.db.delete(threads).where(eq(threads.userId, this.userId));
   };
 
   query = async () => {
-    const data = await serverDB
+    const data = await this.db
       .select(queryColumns)
       .from(threads)
       .where(eq(threads.userId, this.userId))
@@ -55,7 +57,7 @@ export class ThreadModel {
   };
 
   queryByTopicId = async (topicId: string) => {
-    const data = await serverDB
+    const data = await this.db
       .select(queryColumns)
       .from(threads)
       .where(and(eq(threads.topicId, topicId), eq(threads.userId, this.userId)))
@@ -65,13 +67,13 @@ export class ThreadModel {
   };
 
   findById = async (id: string) => {
-    return serverDB.query.threads.findFirst({
+    return this.db.query.threads.findFirst({
       where: and(eq(threads.id, id), eq(threads.userId, this.userId)),
     });
   };
 
   async update(id: string, value: Partial<ThreadItem>) {
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .update(threads)
       .set({ ...value, updatedAt: new Date() })
       .where(and(eq(threads.id, id), eq(threads.userId, this.userId)));
diff --git a/src/database/server/models/topic.ts b/src/database/server/models/topic.ts
index 890558e4fe4b..eeee76c2bbdc 100644
--- a/src/database/server/models/topic.ts
+++ b/src/database/server/models/topic.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import { Column, count, inArray, sql } from 'drizzle-orm';
 import { and, desc, eq, exists, isNull, like, or } from 'drizzle-orm/expressions';
 
-import { LobeChatDatabase } from '@/database/server/type';
+import { LobeChatDatabase } from '@/database/type';
 
 import { NewMessage, TopicItem, messages, topics } from '../schemas/lobechat';
 import { idGenerator } from '../utils/idGenerator';
diff --git a/src/database/server/models/user.ts b/src/database/server/models/user.ts
index 86008a8fc896..7e792438ca96 100644
--- a/src/database/server/models/user.ts
+++ b/src/database/server/models/user.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { eq } from 'drizzle-orm';
 import { DeepPartial } from 'utility-types';
 
 import { serverDB } from '@/database/server/core/db';
+import { LobeChatDatabase } from '@/database/type';
 import { KeyVaultsGateKeeper } from '@/server/modules/KeyVaultsEncrypt';
 import { UserGuide, UserPreference } from '@/types/user';
 import { UserKeyVaults, UserSettings } from '@/types/user/settings';
@@ -18,38 +19,16 @@ export class UserNotFoundError extends TRPCError {
 }
 
 export class UserModel {
-  static createUser = async (params: NewUser) => {
-    // if user already exists, skip creation
-    if (params.id) {
-      const user = await serverDB.query.users.findFirst({ where: eq(users.id, params.id) });
-      if (!!user) return;
-    }
-
-    const [user] = await serverDB
-      .insert(users)
-      .values({ ...params })
-      .returning();
-
-    // Create an inbox session for the user
-    const model = new SessionModel(user.id);
-
-    await model.createInbox();
-  };
+  private userId: string;
+  private db: LobeChatDatabase;
 
-  static deleteUser = async (id: string) => {
-    return serverDB.delete(users).where(eq(users.id, id));
-  };
-
-  static findById = async (id: string) => {
-    return serverDB.query.users.findFirst({ where: eq(users.id, id) });
-  };
-
-  static findByEmail = async (email: string) => {
-    return serverDB.query.users.findFirst({ where: eq(users.email, email) });
-  };
+  constructor(db: LobeChatDatabase, userId: string) {
+    this.userId = userId;
+    this.db = db;
+  }
 
-  getUserState = async (id: string) => {
-    const result = await serverDB
+  async getUserState() {
+    const result = await this.db
       .select({
         isOnboarded: users.isOnboarded,
         preference: users.preference,
@@ -63,7 +42,7 @@ export class UserModel {
         settingsTool: userSettings.tool,
       })
       .from(users)
-      .where(eq(users.id, id))
+      .where(eq(users.id, this.userId))
       .leftJoin(userSettings, eq(users.id, userSettings.id));
 
     if (!result || !result[0]) {
@@ -82,7 +61,7 @@ export class UserModel {
         try {
           decryptKeyVaults = JSON.parse(plaintext);
         } catch (e) {
-          console.error(`Failed to parse keyVaults ,userId: ${id}. Error:`, e);
+          console.error(`Failed to parse keyVaults ,userId: ${this.userId}. Error:`, e);
         }
       }
     }
@@ -101,54 +80,22 @@ export class UserModel {
       isOnboarded: state.isOnboarded,
       preference: state.preference as UserPreference,
       settings,
-      userId: id,
+      userId: this.userId,
     };
-  };
-
-  static getUserApiKeys = async (id: string) => {
-    const result = await serverDB
-      .select({
-        settingsKeyVaults: userSettings.keyVaults,
-      })
-      .from(userSettings)
-      .where(eq(userSettings.id, id));
-
-    if (!result || !result[0]) {
-      throw new UserNotFoundError();
-    }
-
-    const state = result[0];
-
-    // Decrypt keyVaults
-    let decryptKeyVaults = {};
-    if (state.settingsKeyVaults) {
-      const gateKeeper = await KeyVaultsGateKeeper.initWithEnvKey();
-      const { wasAuthentic, plaintext } = await gateKeeper.decrypt(state.settingsKeyVaults);
-
-      if (wasAuthentic) {
-        try {
-          decryptKeyVaults = JSON.parse(plaintext);
-        } catch (e) {
-          console.error(`Failed to parse keyVaults ,userId: ${id}. Error:`, e);
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    return decryptKeyVaults as UserKeyVaults;
-  };
+  }
 
-  async updateUser(id: string, value: Partial<UserItem>) {
-    return serverDB
+  async updateUser(value: Partial<UserItem>) {
+    return this.db
       .update(users)
       .set({ ...value, updatedAt: new Date() })
-      .where(eq(users.id, id));
+      .where(eq(users.id, this.userId));
   }
 
-  async deleteSetting(id: string) {
-    return serverDB.delete(userSettings).where(eq(userSettings.id, id));
+  async deleteSetting() {
+    return this.db.delete(userSettings).where(eq(userSettings.id, this.userId));
   }
 
-  async updateSetting(id: string, value: Partial<UserSettings>) {
+  async updateSetting(value: Partial<UserSettings>) {
     const { keyVaults, ...res } = value;
 
     // Encrypt keyVaults
@@ -165,33 +112,99 @@ export class UserModel {
     const newValue = { ...res, keyVaults: encryptedKeyVaults };
 
     // update or create user settings
-    const settings = await serverDB.query.userSettings.findFirst({ where: eq(users.id, id) });
+    const settings = await this.db.query.userSettings.findFirst({
+      where: eq(users.id, this.userId),
+    });
     if (!settings) {
-      await serverDB.insert(userSettings).values({ id, ...newValue });
+      await serverDB.insert(userSettings).values({ id: this.userId, ...newValue });
       return;
     }
 
-    return serverDB.update(userSettings).set(newValue).where(eq(userSettings.id, id));
+    return serverDB.update(userSettings).set(newValue).where(eq(userSettings.id, this.userId));
   }
 
-  async updatePreference(id: string, value: Partial<UserPreference>) {
-    const user = await serverDB.query.users.findFirst({ where: eq(users.id, id) });
+  async updatePreference(value: Partial<UserPreference>) {
+    const user = await this.db.query.users.findFirst({ where: eq(users.id, this.userId) });
     if (!user) return;
 
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .update(users)
       .set({ preference: merge(user.preference, value) })
-      .where(eq(users.id, id));
+      .where(eq(users.id, this.userId));
   }
 
-  async updateGuide(id: string, value: Partial<UserGuide>) {
-    const user = await serverDB.query.users.findFirst({ where: eq(users.id, id) });
+  async updateGuide(value: Partial<UserGuide>) {
+    const user = await this.db.query.users.findFirst({ where: eq(users.id, this.userId) });
     if (!user) return;
 
     const prevPreference = (user.preference || {}) as UserPreference;
-    return serverDB
+    return this.db
       .update(users)
       .set({ preference: { ...prevPreference, guide: merge(prevPreference.guide || {}, value) } })
-      .where(eq(users.id, id));
+      .where(eq(users.id, this.userId));
   }
+
+  // Static method
+
+  static createUser = async (db: LobeChatDatabase, params: NewUser) => {
+    // if user already exists, skip creation
+    if (params.id) {
+      const user = await db.query.users.findFirst({ where: eq(users.id, params.id) });
+      if (!!user) return;
+    }
+
+    const [user] = await db
+      .insert(users)
+      .values({ ...params })
+      .returning();
+
+    // Create an inbox session for the user
+    const model = new SessionModel(db, user.id);
+
+    await model.createInbox();
+  };
+
+  static deleteUser = async (db: LobeChatDatabase, id: string) => {
+    return db.delete(users).where(eq(users.id, id));
+  };
+
+  static findById = async (db: LobeChatDatabase, id: string) => {
+    return db.query.users.findFirst({ where: eq(users.id, id) });
+  };
+
+  static findByEmail = async (db: LobeChatDatabase, email: string) => {
+    return db.query.users.findFirst({ where: eq(users.email, email) });
+  };
+
+  static getUserApiKeys = async (db: LobeChatDatabase, id: string) => {
+    const result = await db
+      .select({
+        settingsKeyVaults: userSettings.keyVaults,
+      })
+      .from(userSettings)
+      .where(eq(userSettings.id, id));
+
+    if (!result || !result[0]) {
+      throw new UserNotFoundError();
+    }
+
+    const state = result[0];
+
+    // Decrypt keyVaults
+    let decryptKeyVaults = {};
+    if (state.settingsKeyVaults) {
+      const gateKeeper = await KeyVaultsGateKeeper.initWithEnvKey();
+      const { wasAuthentic, plaintext } = await gateKeeper.decrypt(state.settingsKeyVaults);
+
+      if (wasAuthentic) {
+        try {
+          decryptKeyVaults = JSON.parse(plaintext);
+        } catch (e) {
+          console.error(`Failed to parse keyVaults ,userId: ${id}. Error:`, e);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return decryptKeyVaults as UserKeyVaults;
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/database/server/type.ts b/src/database/type.ts
similarity index 53%
rename from src/database/server/type.ts
rename to src/database/type.ts
index 3da18c2bbb8b..d47c1aa1017c 100644
--- a/src/database/server/type.ts
+++ b/src/database/type.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-import { PgliteDatabase } from 'drizzle-orm/pglite';
+import type { PgliteDatabase } from 'drizzle-orm/pglite';
 
-import * as schema from '../server/schemas/lobechat';
+import * as schema from './server/schemas/lobechat';
 
 export type LobeChatDatabaseSchema = typeof schema;
 
diff --git a/src/libs/next-auth/adapter/index.ts b/src/libs/next-auth/adapter/index.ts
index 129da498f185..0ab51e5fd80a 100644
--- a/src/libs/next-auth/adapter/index.ts
+++ b/src/libs/next-auth/adapter/index.ts
@@ -33,8 +33,6 @@ const {
  * @returns {Adapter}
  */
 export function LobeNextAuthDbAdapter(serverDB: NeonDatabase<typeof schema>): Adapter {
-  const userModel = new UserModel();
-
   return {
     async createAuthenticator(authenticator): Promise<AdapterAuthenticator> {
       const result = await serverDB
@@ -55,10 +53,10 @@ export function LobeNextAuthDbAdapter(serverDB: NeonDatabase<typeof schema>): Ad
     async createUser(user): Promise<AdapterUser> {
       const { id, name, email, emailVerified, image, providerAccountId } = user;
       // return the user if it already exists
-      let existingUser = await UserModel.findByEmail(email);
+      let existingUser = await UserModel.findByEmail(serverDB, email);
       // If the user is not found by email, try to find by providerAccountId
       if (!existingUser && providerAccountId) {
-        existingUser = await UserModel.findById(providerAccountId);
+        existingUser = await UserModel.findById(serverDB, providerAccountId);
       }
       if (existingUser) {
         const adapterUser = mapLobeUserToAdapterUser(existingUser);
@@ -66,6 +64,7 @@ export function LobeNextAuthDbAdapter(serverDB: NeonDatabase<typeof schema>): Ad
       }
       // create a new user if it does not exist
       await UserModel.createUser(
+        serverDB,
         mapAdapterUserToLobeUser({
           email,
           emailVerified,
@@ -91,10 +90,10 @@ export function LobeNextAuthDbAdapter(serverDB: NeonDatabase<typeof schema>): Ad
       return;
     },
     async deleteUser(id): Promise<AdapterUser | null | undefined> {
-      const user = await UserModel.findById(id);
+      const user = await UserModel.findById(serverDB, id);
       if (!user) throw new Error('NextAuth: Delete User not found');
 
-      await UserModel.deleteUser(id);
+      await UserModel.deleteUser(serverDB, id);
       return;
     },
 
@@ -145,7 +144,7 @@ export function LobeNextAuthDbAdapter(serverDB: NeonDatabase<typeof schema>): Ad
     },
 
     async getUser(id): Promise<AdapterUser | null> {
-      const lobeUser = await UserModel.findById(id);
+      const lobeUser = await UserModel.findById(serverDB, id);
       if (!lobeUser) return null;
       return mapLobeUserToAdapterUser(lobeUser);
     },
@@ -170,7 +169,7 @@ export function LobeNextAuthDbAdapter(serverDB: NeonDatabase<typeof schema>): Ad
     },
 
     async getUserByEmail(email): Promise<AdapterUser | null> {
-      const lobeUser = await UserModel.findByEmail(email);
+      const lobeUser = await UserModel.findByEmail(serverDB, email);
       return lobeUser ? mapLobeUserToAdapterUser(lobeUser) : null;
     },
 
@@ -228,10 +227,11 @@ export function LobeNextAuthDbAdapter(serverDB: NeonDatabase<typeof schema>): Ad
     },
 
     async updateUser(user): Promise<AdapterUser> {
-      const lobeUser = await UserModel.findById(user?.id);
+      const lobeUser = await UserModel.findById(serverDB, user?.id);
       if (!lobeUser) throw new Error('NextAuth: User not found');
+      const userModel = new UserModel(serverDB, user.id);
 
-      const updatedUser = await userModel.updateUser(user.id, {
+      const updatedUser = await userModel.updateUser({
         ...partialMapAdapterUserToLobeUser(user),
       });
       if (!updatedUser) throw new Error('NextAuth: Failed to update user');
diff --git a/src/libs/trpc/async/asyncAuth.ts b/src/libs/trpc/async/asyncAuth.ts
index 3ebf3248a273..69b52d5d5441 100644
--- a/src/libs/trpc/async/asyncAuth.ts
+++ b/src/libs/trpc/async/asyncAuth.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { TRPCError } from '@trpc/server';
 
 import { serverDBEnv } from '@/config/db';
+import { serverDB } from '@/database/server';
 import { UserModel } from '@/database/server/models/user';
 
 import { asyncTrpc } from './init';
@@ -12,7 +13,7 @@ export const asyncAuth = asyncTrpc.middleware(async (opts) => {
     throw new TRPCError({ code: 'UNAUTHORIZED' });
   }
 
-  const result = await UserModel.findById(ctx.userId);
+  const result = await UserModel.findById(serverDB, ctx.userId);
 
   if (!result) {
     throw new TRPCError({ code: 'UNAUTHORIZED', message: 'user is invalid' });
diff --git a/src/server/routers/async/file.ts b/src/server/routers/async/file.ts
index bce5cd784b75..a60ca354220b 100644
--- a/src/server/routers/async/file.ts
+++ b/src/server/routers/async/file.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import { z } from 'zod';
 
 import { fileEnv } from '@/config/file';
 import { DEFAULT_EMBEDDING_MODEL } from '@/const/settings';
+import { serverDB } from '@/database/server';
 import { ASYNC_TASK_TIMEOUT, AsyncTaskModel } from '@/database/server/models/asyncTask';
 import { ChunkModel } from '@/database/server/models/chunk';
 import { EmbeddingModel } from '@/database/server/models/embedding';
@@ -28,11 +29,11 @@ const fileProcedure = asyncAuthedProcedure.use(async (opts) => {
 
   return opts.next({
     ctx: {
-      asyncTaskModel: new AsyncTaskModel(ctx.userId),
-      chunkModel: new ChunkModel(ctx.userId),
+      asyncTaskModel: new AsyncTaskModel(serverDB, ctx.userId),
+      chunkModel: new ChunkModel(serverDB, ctx.userId),
       chunkService: new ChunkService(ctx.userId),
-      embeddingModel: new EmbeddingModel(ctx.userId),
-      fileModel: new FileModel(ctx.userId),
+      embeddingModel: new EmbeddingModel(serverDB, ctx.userId),
+      fileModel: new FileModel(serverDB, ctx.userId),
     },
   });
 });
diff --git a/src/server/routers/async/ragEval.ts b/src/server/routers/async/ragEval.ts
index 5fc637337f23..de4190ee668e 100644
--- a/src/server/routers/async/ragEval.ts
+++ b/src/server/routers/async/ragEval.ts
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import { z } from 'zod';
 
 import { chainAnswerWithContext } from '@/chains/answerWithContext';
 import { DEFAULT_EMBEDDING_MODEL, DEFAULT_MODEL } from '@/const/settings';
+import { serverDB } from '@/database/server';
 import { ChunkModel } from '@/database/server/models/chunk';
 import { EmbeddingModel } from '@/database/server/models/embedding';
 import { FileModel } from '@/database/server/models/file';
@@ -24,13 +25,13 @@ const ragEvalProcedure = asyncAuthedProcedure.use(async (opts) => {
 
   return opts.next({
     ctx: {
-      chunkModel: new ChunkModel(ctx.userId),
+      chunkModel: new ChunkModel(serverDB, ctx.userId),
       chunkService: new ChunkService(ctx.userId),
       datasetRecordModel: new EvalDatasetRecordModel(ctx.userId),
-      embeddingModel: new EmbeddingModel(ctx.userId),
+      embeddingModel: new EmbeddingModel(serverDB, ctx.userId),
       evalRecordModel: new EvaluationRecordModel(ctx.userId),
       evaluationModel: new EvalEvaluationModel(ctx.userId),
-      fileModel: new FileModel(ctx.userId),
+      fileModel: new FileModel(serverDB, ctx.userId),
     },
   });
 });
diff --git a/src/server/routers/lambda/_template.ts b/src/server/routers/lambda/_template.ts
index e7dace3277ec..530402a59b94 100644
--- a/src/server/routers/lambda/_template.ts
+++ b/src/server/routers/lambda/_template.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { z } from 'zod';
 
+import { serverDB } from '@/database/server';
 import { SessionGroupModel } from '@/database/server/models/sessionGroup';
 import { insertSessionGroupSchema } from '@/database/server/schemas/lobechat';
 import { authedProcedure, router } from '@/libs/trpc';
@@ -10,7 +11,7 @@ const sessionProcedure = authedProcedure.use(async (opts) => {
 
   return opts.next({
     ctx: {
-      sessionGroupModel: new SessionGroupModel(ctx.userId),
+      sessionGroupModel: new SessionGroupModel(serverDB, ctx.userId),
     },
   });
 });
diff --git a/src/server/routers/lambda/agent.ts b/src/server/routers/lambda/agent.ts
index 1ce31bef76b0..a3735ac732ef 100644
--- a/src/server/routers/lambda/agent.ts
+++ b/src/server/routers/lambda/agent.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ import { z } from 'zod';
 
 import { INBOX_SESSION_ID } from '@/const/session';
 import { DEFAULT_AGENT_CONFIG } from '@/const/settings';
+import { serverDB } from '@/database/server';
 import { AgentModel } from '@/database/server/models/agent';
 import { FileModel } from '@/database/server/models/file';
 import { KnowledgeBaseModel } from '@/database/server/models/knowledgeBase';
@@ -16,10 +17,10 @@ const agentProcedure = authedProcedure.use(async (opts) => {
 
   return opts.next({
     ctx: {
-      agentModel: new AgentModel(ctx.userId),
-      fileModel: new FileModel(ctx.userId),
-      knowledgeBaseModel: new KnowledgeBaseModel(ctx.userId),
-      sessionModel: new SessionModel(ctx.userId),
+      agentModel: new AgentModel(serverDB, ctx.userId),
+      fileModel: new FileModel(serverDB, ctx.userId),
+      knowledgeBaseModel: new KnowledgeBaseModel(serverDB, ctx.userId),
+      sessionModel: new SessionModel(serverDB, ctx.userId),
     },
   });
 });
@@ -87,7 +88,7 @@ export const agentRouter = router({
         // if there is no session for user, create one
         if (!item) {
           // if there is no user, return default config
-          const user = await UserModel.findById(ctx.userId);
+          const user = await UserModel.findById(serverDB, ctx.userId);
           if (!user) return DEFAULT_AGENT_CONFIG;
 
           const res = await ctx.sessionModel.createInbox();
diff --git a/src/server/routers/lambda/chunk.ts b/src/server/routers/lambda/chunk.ts
index aa8947e1e0da..d1f2d53d2a5c 100644
--- a/src/server/routers/lambda/chunk.ts
+++ b/src/server/routers/lambda/chunk.ts
@@ -21,12 +21,12 @@ const chunkProcedure = authedProcedure.use(keyVaults).use(async (opts) => {
 
   return opts.next({
     ctx: {
-      asyncTaskModel: new AsyncTaskModel(ctx.userId),
-      chunkModel: new ChunkModel(ctx.userId),
+      asyncTaskModel: new AsyncTaskModel(serverDB, ctx.userId),
+      chunkModel: new ChunkModel(serverDB, ctx.userId),
       chunkService: new ChunkService(ctx.userId),
-      embeddingModel: new EmbeddingModel(ctx.userId),
-      fileModel: new FileModel(ctx.userId),
-      messageModel: new MessageModel(ctx.userId),
+      embeddingModel: new EmbeddingModel(serverDB, ctx.userId),
+      fileModel: new FileModel(serverDB, ctx.userId),
+      messageModel: new MessageModel(serverDB, ctx.userId),
     },
   });
 });
diff --git a/src/server/routers/lambda/file.ts b/src/server/routers/lambda/file.ts
index 8b73cc715ca7..02b4366aa9bc 100644
--- a/src/server/routers/lambda/file.ts
+++ b/src/server/routers/lambda/file.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 import { TRPCError } from '@trpc/server';
 import { z } from 'zod';
 
+import { serverDB } from '@/database/server';
 import { AsyncTaskModel } from '@/database/server/models/asyncTask';
 import { ChunkModel } from '@/database/server/models/chunk';
 import { FileModel } from '@/database/server/models/file';
@@ -15,9 +16,9 @@ const fileProcedure = authedProcedure.use(async (opts) => {
 
   return opts.next({
     ctx: {
-      asyncTaskModel: new AsyncTaskModel(ctx.userId),
-      chunkModel: new ChunkModel(ctx.userId),
-      fileModel: new FileModel(ctx.userId),
+      asyncTaskModel: new AsyncTaskModel(serverDB, ctx.userId),
+      chunkModel: new ChunkModel(serverDB, ctx.userId),
+      fileModel: new FileModel(serverDB, ctx.userId),
     },
   });
 });
diff --git a/src/server/routers/lambda/knowledgeBase.ts b/src/server/routers/lambda/knowledgeBase.ts
index 140eb7c1f00d..1aceeaf5c97f 100644
--- a/src/server/routers/lambda/knowledgeBase.ts
+++ b/src/server/routers/lambda/knowledgeBase.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { z } from 'zod';
 
+import { serverDB } from '@/database/server';
 import { KnowledgeBaseModel } from '@/database/server/models/knowledgeBase';
 import { insertKnowledgeBasesSchema } from '@/database/server/schemas/lobechat';
 import { authedProcedure, router } from '@/libs/trpc';
@@ -10,7 +11,7 @@ const knowledgeBaseProcedure = authedProcedure.use(async (opts) => {
 
   return opts.next({
     ctx: {
-      knowledgeBaseModel: new KnowledgeBaseModel(ctx.userId),
+      knowledgeBaseModel: new KnowledgeBaseModel(serverDB, ctx.userId),
     },
   });
 });
diff --git a/src/server/routers/lambda/message.ts b/src/server/routers/lambda/message.ts
index ffcb9390ca60..a01d5cc6d801 100644
--- a/src/server/routers/lambda/message.ts
+++ b/src/server/routers/lambda/message.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { z } from 'zod';
 
+import { serverDB } from '@/database/server';
 import { MessageModel } from '@/database/server/models/message';
 import { updateMessagePluginSchema } from '@/database/server/schemas/lobechat';
 import { authedProcedure, publicProcedure, router } from '@/libs/trpc';
@@ -12,7 +13,7 @@ const messageProcedure = authedProcedure.use(async (opts) => {
   const { ctx } = opts;
 
   return opts.next({
-    ctx: { messageModel: new MessageModel(ctx.userId) },
+    ctx: { messageModel: new MessageModel(serverDB, ctx.userId) },
   });
 });
 
@@ -54,6 +55,7 @@ export const messageRouter = router({
       return ctx.messageModel.queryBySessionId(input.sessionId);
     }),
 
+  // TODO: 未来这部分方法也需要使用 authedProcedure
   getMessages: publicProcedure
     .input(
       z.object({
@@ -66,7 +68,7 @@ export const messageRouter = router({
     .query(async ({ input, ctx }) => {
       if (!ctx.userId) return [];
 
-      const messageModel = new MessageModel(ctx.userId);
+      const messageModel = new MessageModel(serverDB, ctx.userId);
 
       return messageModel.query(input);
     }),
diff --git a/src/server/routers/lambda/plugin.ts b/src/server/routers/lambda/plugin.ts
index 3c691c51df0c..13880b1ff32e 100644
--- a/src/server/routers/lambda/plugin.ts
+++ b/src/server/routers/lambda/plugin.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { z } from 'zod';
 
+import { serverDB } from '@/database/server';
 import { PluginModel } from '@/database/server/models/plugin';
 import { authedProcedure, publicProcedure, router } from '@/libs/trpc';
 import { LobeTool } from '@/types/tool';
@@ -8,7 +9,7 @@ const pluginProcedure = authedProcedure.use(async (opts) => {
   const { ctx } = opts;
 
   return opts.next({
-    ctx: { pluginModel: new PluginModel(ctx.userId) },
+    ctx: { pluginModel: new PluginModel(serverDB, ctx.userId) },
   });
 });
 
@@ -61,10 +62,11 @@ export const pluginRouter = router({
       return data.identifier;
     }),
 
+  // TODO: 未来这部分方法也需要使用 authedProcedure
   getPlugins: publicProcedure.query(async ({ ctx }): Promise<LobeTool[]> => {
     if (!ctx.userId) return [];
 
-    const pluginModel = new PluginModel(ctx.userId);
+    const pluginModel = new PluginModel(serverDB, ctx.userId);
 
     return pluginModel.query();
   }),
diff --git a/src/server/routers/lambda/ragEval.ts b/src/server/routers/lambda/ragEval.ts
index 33b33a715944..150abe4a4e1c 100644
--- a/src/server/routers/lambda/ragEval.ts
+++ b/src/server/routers/lambda/ragEval.ts
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import pMap from 'p-map';
 import { z } from 'zod';
 
 import { DEFAULT_EMBEDDING_MODEL, DEFAULT_MODEL } from '@/const/settings';
+import { serverDB } from '@/database/server';
 import { FileModel } from '@/database/server/models/file';
 import {
   EvalDatasetModel,
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@ const ragEvalProcedure = authedProcedure.use(keyVaults).use(async (opts) => {
   return opts.next({
     ctx: {
       datasetModel: new EvalDatasetModel(ctx.userId),
-      fileModel: new FileModel(ctx.userId),
+      fileModel: new FileModel(serverDB, ctx.userId),
       datasetRecordModel: new EvalDatasetRecordModel(ctx.userId),
       evaluationModel: new EvalEvaluationModel(ctx.userId),
       evaluationRecordModel: new EvaluationRecordModel(ctx.userId),
diff --git a/src/server/routers/lambda/session.ts b/src/server/routers/lambda/session.ts
index a2099efba215..063be3a3fcc1 100644
--- a/src/server/routers/lambda/session.ts
+++ b/src/server/routers/lambda/session.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { z } from 'zod';
 
+import { serverDB } from '@/database/server';
 import { SessionModel } from '@/database/server/models/session';
 import { SessionGroupModel } from '@/database/server/models/sessionGroup';
 import { insertAgentSchema, insertSessionSchema } from '@/database/server/schemas/lobechat';
@@ -15,8 +16,8 @@ const sessionProcedure = authedProcedure.use(async (opts) => {
 
   return opts.next({
     ctx: {
-      sessionGroupModel: new SessionGroupModel(ctx.userId),
-      sessionModel: new SessionModel(ctx.userId),
+      sessionGroupModel: new SessionGroupModel(serverDB, ctx.userId),
+      sessionModel: new SessionModel(serverDB, ctx.userId),
     },
   });
 });
@@ -84,7 +85,7 @@ export const sessionRouter = router({
         sessions: [],
       };
 
-    const sessionModel = new SessionModel(ctx.userId);
+    const sessionModel = new SessionModel(serverDB, ctx.userId);
 
     return sessionModel.queryWithGroups();
   }),
diff --git a/src/server/routers/lambda/sessionGroup.ts b/src/server/routers/lambda/sessionGroup.ts
index e7dace3277ec..530402a59b94 100644
--- a/src/server/routers/lambda/sessionGroup.ts
+++ b/src/server/routers/lambda/sessionGroup.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { z } from 'zod';
 
+import { serverDB } from '@/database/server';
 import { SessionGroupModel } from '@/database/server/models/sessionGroup';
 import { insertSessionGroupSchema } from '@/database/server/schemas/lobechat';
 import { authedProcedure, router } from '@/libs/trpc';
@@ -10,7 +11,7 @@ const sessionProcedure = authedProcedure.use(async (opts) => {
 
   return opts.next({
     ctx: {
-      sessionGroupModel: new SessionGroupModel(ctx.userId),
+      sessionGroupModel: new SessionGroupModel(serverDB, ctx.userId),
     },
   });
 });
diff --git a/src/server/routers/lambda/thread.ts b/src/server/routers/lambda/thread.ts
index 91a8f71ca0f9..479e9e360b71 100644
--- a/src/server/routers/lambda/thread.ts
+++ b/src/server/routers/lambda/thread.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { z } from 'zod';
 
+import { serverDB } from '@/database/server';
 import { MessageModel } from '@/database/server/models/message';
 import { ThreadModel } from '@/database/server/models/thread';
 import { insertThreadSchema } from '@/database/server/schemas/lobechat';
@@ -11,8 +12,8 @@ const threadProcedure = authedProcedure.use(async (opts) => {
 
   return opts.next({
     ctx: {
-      messageModel: new MessageModel(ctx.userId),
-      threadModel: new ThreadModel(ctx.userId),
+      messageModel: new MessageModel(serverDB, ctx.userId),
+      threadModel: new ThreadModel(serverDB, ctx.userId),
     },
   });
 });
diff --git a/src/server/routers/lambda/user.ts b/src/server/routers/lambda/user.ts
index 9660a955e691..f7522004940b 100644
--- a/src/server/routers/lambda/user.ts
+++ b/src/server/routers/lambda/user.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import { currentUser } from '@clerk/nextjs/server';
 import { z } from 'zod';
 
 import { enableClerk } from '@/const/auth';
+import { serverDB } from '@/database/server';
 import { MessageModel } from '@/database/server/models/message';
 import { SessionModel } from '@/database/server/models/session';
 import { UserModel, UserNotFoundError } from '@/database/server/models/user';
@@ -12,7 +13,7 @@ import { UserGuideSchema, UserInitializationState, UserPreference } from '@/type
 
 const userProcedure = authedProcedure.use(async (opts) => {
   return opts.next({
-    ctx: { userModel: new UserModel() },
+    ctx: { userModel: new UserModel(serverDB, opts.ctx.userId) },
   });
 });
 
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ export const userRouter = router({
     // get or create first-time user
     while (!state) {
       try {
-        state = await ctx.userModel.getUserState(ctx.userId);
+        state = await ctx.userModel.getUserState();
       } catch (error) {
         if (enableClerk && error instanceof UserNotFoundError) {
           const user = await currentUser();
@@ -56,10 +57,10 @@ export const userRouter = router({
       }
     }
 
-    const messageModel = new MessageModel(ctx.userId);
+    const messageModel = new MessageModel(serverDB, ctx.userId);
     const messageCount = await messageModel.count();
 
-    const sessionModel = new SessionModel(ctx.userId);
+    const sessionModel = new SessionModel(serverDB, ctx.userId);
     const sessionCount = await sessionModel.count();
 
     return {
@@ -77,25 +78,25 @@ export const userRouter = router({
   }),
 
   makeUserOnboarded: userProcedure.mutation(async ({ ctx }) => {
-    return ctx.userModel.updateUser(ctx.userId, { isOnboarded: true });
+    return ctx.userModel.updateUser({ isOnboarded: true });
   }),
 
   resetSettings: userProcedure.mutation(async ({ ctx }) => {
-    return ctx.userModel.deleteSetting(ctx.userId);
+    return ctx.userModel.deleteSetting();
   }),
 
   updateGuide: userProcedure.input(UserGuideSchema).mutation(async ({ ctx, input }) => {
-    return ctx.userModel.updateGuide(ctx.userId, input);
+    return ctx.userModel.updateGuide(input);
   }),
 
   updatePreference: userProcedure.input(z.any()).mutation(async ({ ctx, input }) => {
-    return ctx.userModel.updatePreference(ctx.userId, input);
+    return ctx.userModel.updatePreference(input);
   }),
 
   updateSettings: userProcedure
     .input(z.object({}).passthrough())
     .mutation(async ({ ctx, input }) => {
-      return ctx.userModel.updateSetting(ctx.userId, input);
+      return ctx.userModel.updateSetting(input);
     }),
 });
 
diff --git a/src/server/services/chunk/index.ts b/src/server/services/chunk/index.ts
index 3ef1ba13275d..09c8e1d820b6 100644
--- a/src/server/services/chunk/index.ts
+++ b/src/server/services/chunk/index.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { JWTPayload } from '@/const/auth';
+import { serverDB } from '@/database/server';
 import { AsyncTaskModel } from '@/database/server/models/asyncTask';
 import { FileModel } from '@/database/server/models/file';
 import { ChunkContentParams, ContentChunk } from '@/server/modules/ContentChunk';
@@ -21,8 +22,8 @@ export class ChunkService {
 
     this.chunkClient = new ContentChunk();
 
-    this.fileModel = new FileModel(userId);
-    this.asyncTaskModel = new AsyncTaskModel(userId);
+    this.fileModel = new FileModel(serverDB, userId);
+    this.asyncTaskModel = new AsyncTaskModel(serverDB, userId);
   }
 
   async chunkContent(params: ChunkContentParams) {
diff --git a/src/server/services/nextAuthUser/index.ts b/src/server/services/nextAuthUser/index.ts
index ac17b0de0a46..2108e8cac3c4 100644
--- a/src/server/services/nextAuthUser/index.ts
+++ b/src/server/services/nextAuthUser/index.ts
@@ -7,11 +7,9 @@ import { pino } from '@/libs/logger';
 import { LobeNextAuthDbAdapter } from '@/libs/next-auth/adapter';
 
 export class NextAuthUserService {
-  userModel;
   adapter;
 
   constructor() {
-    this.userModel = new UserModel();
     this.adapter = LobeNextAuthDbAdapter(serverDB);
   }
 
@@ -29,8 +27,10 @@ export class NextAuthUserService {
 
     // 2. If found, Update user data from provider
     if (user?.id) {
+      const userModel = new UserModel(serverDB, user.id);
+
       // Perform update
-      await this.userModel.updateUser(user.id, {
+      await userModel.updateUser({
         avatar: data?.avatar,
         email: data?.email,
         fullName: data?.fullName,
diff --git a/src/server/services/user/index.ts b/src/server/services/user/index.ts
index 1bc3480fed74..ed5ee2395099 100644
--- a/src/server/services/user/index.ts
+++ b/src/server/services/user/index.ts
@@ -1,13 +1,14 @@
 import { UserJSON } from '@clerk/backend';
 import { NextResponse } from 'next/server';
 
+import { serverDB } from '@/database/server';
 import { UserModel } from '@/database/server/models/user';
 import { pino } from '@/libs/logger';
 
 export class UserService {
   createUser = async (id: string, params: UserJSON) => {
     // Check if user already exists
-    const res = await UserModel.findById(id);
+    const res = await UserModel.findById(serverDB, id);
 
     // If user already exists, skip creating a new user
     if (res)
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ export class UserService {
     /* ↑ cloud slot ↑ */
 
     // 2. create user in database
-    await UserModel.createUser({
+    await UserModel.createUser(serverDB, {
       avatar: params.image_url,
       clerkCreatedAt: new Date(params.created_at),
       email: email?.email_address,
@@ -49,7 +50,7 @@ export class UserService {
     if (id) {
       pino.info('delete user due to clerk webhook');
 
-      await UserModel.deleteUser(id);
+      await UserModel.deleteUser(serverDB, id);
 
       return NextResponse.json({ message: 'user deleted' }, { status: 200 });
     } else {
@@ -61,10 +62,10 @@ export class UserService {
   updateUser = async (id: string, params: UserJSON) => {
     pino.info('updating user due to clerk webhook');
 
-    const userModel = new UserModel();
+    const userModel = new UserModel(serverDB, id);
 
     // Check if user already exists
-    const res = await UserModel.findById(id);
+    const res = await UserModel.findById(serverDB, id);
 
     // If user not exists, skip update the user
     if (!res)
@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ export class UserService {
     const email = params.email_addresses.find((e) => e.id === params.primary_email_address_id);
     const phone = params.phone_numbers.find((e) => e.id === params.primary_phone_number_id);
 
-    await userModel.updateUser(id, {
+    await userModel.updateUser({
       avatar: params.image_url,
       email: email?.email_address,
       firstName: params.first_name,
diff --git a/src/types/meta.ts b/src/types/meta.ts
index 459aece85cdb..23ce2b941c2f 100644
--- a/src/types/meta.ts
+++ b/src/types/meta.ts
@@ -21,19 +21,10 @@ export const LobeMetaDataSchema = z.object({
 export type MetaData = z.infer<typeof LobeMetaDataSchema>;
 
 export interface BaseDataModel {
-  /**
-   * @deprecated
-   */
-  createAt?: number;
-
   createdAt: number;
 
   id: string;
   meta: MetaData;
 
-  /**
-   * @deprecated
-   */
-  updateAt?: number;
   updatedAt: number;
 }
diff --git a/src/types/topic/topic.ts b/src/types/topic/topic.ts
index 9f3085602f43..83201e7cb7e5 100644
--- a/src/types/topic/topic.ts
+++ b/src/types/topic/topic.ts
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ export interface ChatTopicSummary {
 }
 
 export interface ChatTopic extends Omit<BaseDataModel, 'meta'> {
-  favorite?: boolean | null;
+  favorite?: boolean;
   historySummary?: string | null;
   metadata?: ChatTopicMetadata;
   sessionId?: string;