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page-item-87 page_item_has_children"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/non-technical-questions/">Non-Technical Questions</a><ul class="children"><li class="page_item page-item-311"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/non-technical-questions/introduction/">Introduction</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-280"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/non-technical-questions/why-work-here/">Why work here?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-282"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/non-technical-questions/five-years/">Five years?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-284"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/non-technical-questions/why-leave/">Why leave?</a></li></ul></li><li class="page_item page-item-89 page_item_has_children"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/interviewing-in-india/">Interviewing in India</a><ul class="children"><li class="page_item page-item-296"><a 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page-item-981"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/what-is-a-red-flag/">What is a red flag?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-985"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/what-is-a-fire-drill/">What is a “fire drill”?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-987"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/meaning-of-where-theres-smoke-theres-fire/">Meaning of “where there’s smoke there’s fire”</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-989"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/meaning-of-et-al/">Meaning of “et al”</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-991"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/meaning-of-out-of-commission/">Meaning of out of commission?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-993"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/meaning-of-fly-by-night/">Meaning of “fly by night”?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1084"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/what-does-flight-risk-mean/">What does “flight risk” mean?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1089"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/what-does-catch-wind-mean/">What does “catch wind” mean?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1092"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/what-is-a-brain-fart/">What is a brain fart?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1096"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/what-does-make-a-killing-mean/">What does “make a killing” mean?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1101"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/in-tennis-whats-a-bagel/">In tennis what’s a bagel?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1103"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/what-is-a-bounced-check/">What is a “bounced check”?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1105"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/what-does-shortchange-mean/">What does “shortchange” mean?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1107"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/what-does-it-mean-to-clock-out/">What does it mean to “clock out”?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1109"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/what-is-shock-value/">What is shock value?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1119"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/what-does-be-the-bigger-man-mean/">What does “be the bigger man” mean?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1176"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/what-does-rube-mean/">What does “rube” mean?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1179"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/what-is-careerism/">What is “careerism”?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1182"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/what-is-a-haunt/">What is a “haunt”?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1184"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/meaning-of-get-feet-wet/">Meaning of “get feet wet”?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1187"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/meaning-of-changing-of-the-guard/">Meaning of “changing of the guard”?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1189"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/what-is-a-hard-copy/">What is a “hard copy”?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1341"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/what-does-brush-with-death-mean/">What does “brush with death” mean?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1347"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/in-tennis-what-is-a-pusher/">In tennis, what is a pusher?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1351"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/what-does-ote-mean/">What does “OTE” mean in sales?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1353"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/what-does-pay-lip-service-mean/">What does “pay lip service” mean?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1394"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/what-does-tip-of-the-iceberg-mean/">What does “tip of the iceberg” mean?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1396"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/what-is-an-advert/">What is an advert?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-3763"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/in-the-11th-hour-meaning/">In the 11th hour meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4110"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/gentlemans-c-meaning/">Gentleman’s C meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4113"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/meaning-of-teetotalar/">Meaning of teetotalar</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4196"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/hala-madrid-meaning/">Hala Madrid Meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4295"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/make-your-mark-meaning/">Make your mark meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4300"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/shameless-plug-meaning/">Shameless Plug Meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4303"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/low-hanging-fruit-meaning/">Low Hanging Fruit Meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4310"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/successism-meaning/">Successism meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4312"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/see-eye-to-eye-meaning/">See eye to eye meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4314"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/rob-peter-to-pay-paul-meaning/">Rob Peter to Pay Paul meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4317"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/case-in-point-meaning/">Case in point meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4331"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/bait-and-switch-meaning/">Bait and Switch Meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4334"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/pardon-my-french-meaning/">Pardon My French Meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4413"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/throw-him-under-the-bus-meaning/">Throw him under the bus meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4421"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/wrong-line-of-work-meaning/">Wrong line of work meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4424"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/my-cue-to-leave-meaning/">My cue to leave meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4472"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/what-is-a-buzzkill/">What is a buzzkill?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4474"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/coined-the-term-meaning/">Coined the Term Meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4476"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/elephant-in-the-room-meaning/">Elephant in the room meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4478"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/winging-it-meaning/">Winging it meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4480"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/touch-and-go-meaning/">Touch and go meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4482"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/hold-my-own-meaning/">Hold my own meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4484"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/throw-a-line-meaning/">Throw a line meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4486"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/skin-in-the-game-meaning/">Skin in the game meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4536"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/brain-dump-meaning/">Brain dump meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4514"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/he-had-the-last-laugh-meaning/">He had the last laugh meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4516"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/call-it-a-night-meaning/">Call it a night Meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4519"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/speak-off-the-cuff-meaning/">Speak off the cuff meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4523"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/he-has-a-chip-on-his-shoulder-meaning/">He has a chip on his shoulder meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4868"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/touch-base-meaning/">Touch base meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4887"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/on-the-house-meaning/">On the house meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4985"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/what-are-meeting-minutes/">What are meeting minutes?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4988"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/what-is-a-low-life/">What is a low life?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4990"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/what-are-brownie-points/">What are brownie points?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5132"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/show-true-colors-meaning/">Show True Colors Meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5154"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/what-does-legit-mean/">What does legit mean?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5159"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/just-a-heads-up-meaning/">Just a heads up meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5161"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/on-the-line-meaning/">On the line meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5165"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/cream-of-the-crop-meaning/">Cream of the Crop meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5167"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/right-as-rain-meaning/">Right as Rain Meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5172"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/hat-in-hand-meaning/">Hat in hand meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5179"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/what-is-a-cake-eater/">What is a cake eater?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5181"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/what-is-a-second-wind/">What is a second wind?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5183"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/bush-league-move-meaning/">Bush league move meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5135"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/skating-on-thin-ice-meaning/">Skating on thin ice meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5188"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/last-straw-meaning/">Last straw meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5192"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/at-my-wits-end-meaning/">At my wit’s end meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5190"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/at-the-end-of-my-rope-meaning/">At the end of my rope meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5195"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/at-large-meaning/">At Large Meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5198"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/what-is-tunnel-vision-in-slang/">What is tunnel vision in slang?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5417"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/do-me-a-solid-meaning/">Do me a solid meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5421"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/in-a-pigs-eye-meaning/">In a pig’s eye meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5424"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/wear-emotions-on-sleeve-meaning/">Wear emotions on sleeve meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5481"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/keep-plugging-away-definition/">Keep plugging away definition</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5541"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/he-is-toast-meaning/">He is toast meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5544"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/what-is-smart-money/">What is smart money?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5683"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/on-the-lam-meaning/">On the lam meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5685"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/living-large-meaning/">Living large meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5687"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/hold-the-fort-down-meaning/">Hold the fort down meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5690"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/lay-low-meaning/">Lay low meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5695"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/over-the-hill-meaning/">Over the hill meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5697"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/out-of-the-question-meaning/">Out of the question meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5699"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/runs-a-tight-ship-meaning/">Runs a tight ship meaning</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5701"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/american-vocabulary/around-the-corner-meaning/">Around the corner meaning</a></li></ul></li><li class="page_item page-item-4995 page_item_has_children"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/technical-vocabulary/">Technical Vocabulary</a><ul class="children"><li class="page_item page-item-4997"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/technical-vocabulary/introduction/">Introduction</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-4999"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/technical-vocabulary/what-is-a-soft-launch-in-software/">What is a soft launch in software?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5011"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/technical-vocabulary/what-is-a-software-generalist/">What is a software generalist?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5013"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/technical-vocabulary/what-is-a-staging-environment/">What is a staging environment?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5020"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/technical-vocabulary/what-is-deprecated-code/">What is deprecated code?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5025"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/technical-vocabulary/what-is-syntactic-sugar/">What is syntactic sugar?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5030"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/technical-vocabulary/what-is-a-turnkey-solution/">What is a turnkey solution?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5104"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/technical-vocabulary/what-is-a-white-hat-hacker/">What is a White hat hacker?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5107"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/technical-vocabulary/what-is-web-root/">What is web root?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5109"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/technical-vocabulary/what-is-the-lamp-stack/">What is the LAMP stack?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5405"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/technical-vocabulary/what-is-gof-in-design-patterns/">What is GoF in design patterns?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5573"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/technical-vocabulary/what-is-a-hack-in-software/">What is a “hack” in software?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-5575"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/technical-vocabulary/what-is-hard-coding-in-java/">What is hard coding in Java?</a></li></ul></li><li class="page_item page-item-1017 page_item_has_children"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/science-questions/">Science Questions</a><ul class="children"><li class="page_item page-item-1020"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/science-questions/science-introduction/">Science Questions Introduction</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1025"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/science-questions/what-is-the-longest-earthquake-ever/">What is the longest earthquake ever?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1029"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/science-questions/are-all-volcanoes-made-of-lava/">Are all volcanoes made of lava?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1031"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/science-questions/why-do-rivers-wind/">Why do rivers wind?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1033"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/science-questions/what-makes-rivers-run/">What makes rivers run?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1035"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/science-questions/does-the-mississippi-river-form-a-delta/">Does the Mississippi River form a delta?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1037"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/science-questions/do-glaciers-ever-melt/">Do glaciers ever melt?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1043"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/science-questions/what-is-an-ephemeral-river/">What is an ephemeral river?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1039"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/science-questions/what-is-the-snout-of-a-glacier/">What is the snout of a glacier?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1046"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/science-questions/are-there-any-rivers-in-the-desert/">Are there any rivers in the desert?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1049"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/science-questions/how-much-of-the-worlds-land-is-covered-by-desert/">How much of the world’s land is covered by desert?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1051"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/science-questions/do-caves-last-forever/">Do Caves Last Forever?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1053"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/science-questions/what-are-gallery-caves/">What are gallery caves?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1055"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/science-questions/what-is-the-worlds-longest-cave/">What is the world’s longest cave?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1057"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/science-questions/what-is-the-name-for-an-expert-on-caves/">What is the name for an expert on caves?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1059"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/science-questions/who-first-realized-earth-circles-the-sun/">Who first realized earth circles the sun?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1061"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/science-questions/why-does-the-moon-look-the-same-size-as-the-sun/">Why does the Moon look the same size as the Sun?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1063"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/science-questions/how-do-rockets-work-in-space/">How do rockets work in space?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1065"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/science-questions/how-many-satellites-are-launched-each-year/">How many satellites are launched each year?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1067"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/science-questions/does-pentagon-know-where-every-satellite-is/">Does Pentagon know where every satellite is?</a></li><li class="page_item page-item-1069"><a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/science-questions/what-planets-have-been-visited-by-spacecrafts/">What planets have been visited by spacecrafts?</a></li><li class="page_item 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TestMyAd();/*]]>*/</script></div><div id="content"><div class="post"><div class="entry"><p></p><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td><h1>In C++, what’s a virtual destructor and when is it needed?</h1></td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td><table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"><tbody><tr><td><p></p><div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-106"> <script async="" src="./C++_ What is a Virtual DestructorVirtual Destructors - Programmer and Software Interview Questions and Answers_files/adsbygoogle.js.download"></script><br>
<br>
<ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-4184197171686251" data-ad-slot="1355331874"></ins><br> <script>(adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({});</script> </div><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p> As you may know, in C++ a destructor is generally used to deallocate memory and do some other cleanup for a class object and it’s class members whenever an object is destroyed. Destructors are distinguished by the tilde, the ‘~’ that appears in front of the destructor name. In order to define a <i>virtual</i> destructor, all you have to do is simply add the keyword “virtual” before the tilde symbol.</p><p> The need for virtual destructors in C++ is best illustrated by some examples. Let’s start by going through an example that does <b>not</b> use virtual destructors, and then we will go through an example that does use virtual destructors. Once you see the difference, you will understand why virtual destructors are needed. Take a look at the code below to start out:</p><p></p><h2>Example <em>without</em> a Virtual Destructor:</h2><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td><pre class="code">#include iostream.h
class Base
{
public:
Base(){ cout<<"Constructing Base";}
// this is a destructor:
~Base(){ cout<<"Destroying Base";}
};
class Derive: public Base
{
public:
Derive(){ cout<<"Constructing Derive";}
~Derive(){ cout<<"Destroying Derive";}
};
void main()
{
Base *basePtr = new Derive();
delete basePtr;
}</pre></td></tr></tbody></table><p>The output after running the code above would be:</p><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td><pre class="code">Constructing Base
Constructing Derive
Destroying Base
</pre></td></tr></tbody></table><table align="left" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="10"><tbody><tr><td><p></p><div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-105"> <script async="" src="./C++_ What is a Virtual DestructorVirtual Destructors - Programmer and Software Interview Questions and Answers_files/adsbygoogle.js.download"></script><br>
<br>
<ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:inline-block;width:300px;height:250px" data-ad-client="ca-pub-4184197171686251" data-ad-slot="5723421878"></ins><br> <script>(adsbygoogle=window.adsbygoogle||[]).push({});</script> </div><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p> Based on the output above, we can see that the constructors get called in the appropriate order when we create the Derive class object pointer in the main function.</p><p> But there is a major problem with the code above: the destructor for the "Derive" class does not get called at all when we delete ‘basePtr’.</p><p> So, how can we fix this problem?</p><p> Well, what we can do is make the base class destructor virtual, and that will ensure that the destructor for any class that derives from Base (in our case, its the "Derive" class) will be called.</p><h2>Example <em>with</em> a Virtual Destructor:</h2><p> So, the only thing we will need to change is the destructor in the Base class and here’s what it will look like – note that we highlighted the part of the code where the virtual keyword has been added in red:</p><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td><pre class="code">class Base
{
public:
Base(){ cout<<"Constructing Base";}
// this is a virtual destructor:
<font color="red">virtual</font> ~Base(){ cout<<"Destroying Base";}
};
</pre></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Now, with that change, the output after running the code above will be:</p><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td><pre class="code">Constructing Base
Constructing Derive
Destroying Derive
Destroying Base
</pre></td></tr></tbody></table><p> Note that the derived class destructor will be called before the base class.</p><p> So, now you’ve seen why we need virtual destructors and also how they work.</p><p> One important design paradigm of class design is that if a class has one or more virtual functions, then that class should also have a virtual destructor.</p><p></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div style="text-align:center"><script id="mNCC" language="javascript">medianet_width="336";medianet_height="280";medianet_crid="421634339";</script> <script id="mNSC" src="./C++_ What is a Virtual DestructorVirtual Destructors - Programmer and Software Interview Questions and Answers_files/nmedianet.js.download" language="javascript"></script> <p style="background:#9AFF9A; font-family: calibri,tahoma,arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; font-weight: bold; margin:15px 0;">
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<a href="http://www.programmerinterview.com/index.php/c-cplusplus/friend-classes/" title="Friend Classes in C++">Next...</a></div><div id="contentad134093"><script type="text/javascript" async="" src="./C++_ What is a Virtual DestructorVirtual Destructors - Programmer and Software Interview Questions and Answers_files/widget2.aspx"></script></div> <script type="text/javascript">/*<![CDATA[*/(function(d){var params={id:"f5f1234c-7b60-44c0-bb28-a51fad23dac7",d:"cHJvZ3JhbW1lcmludGVydmlldy5jb20=",wid:"134093",cb:(new Date()).getTime()};var qs=[];for(var key in params)qs.push(key+'='+encodeURIComponent(params[key]));var s=d.createElement('script');s.type='text/javascript';s.async=true;var p='https:'==document.location.protocol?'https':'http';s.src=p+"://api.content.ad/Scripts/widget2.aspx?"+qs.join('&');d.getElementById("contentad134093").appendChild(s);})(document);/*]]>*/</script> </div><div id="disqus_thread"><div id="dsq-content"><ul id="dsq-comments"><li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="dsq-comment-3048"><div id="dsq-comment-header-3048" class="dsq-comment-header">
<cite id="dsq-cite-3048">
<span id="dsq-author-user-3048">John Canessa</span>
</cite></div><div id="dsq-comment-body-3048" class="dsq-comment-body"><div id="dsq-comment-message-3048" class="dsq-comment-message"><p>// **** base class ****</p><p>class Base<br>
{<br>
public:</p><p> // **** constructor ****</p><p> Base()<br>
{<br>
cout << "<<< base constructor" << endl;<br>
}</p><p> // **** destructor ****</p><p> ~Base()<br>
{<br>
cout << "<<< base destructor" << endl;<br>
}<br>
};</p><p>class Derived : public Base<br>
{<br>
public:</p><p> // **** constructor ****</p><p> Derived()<br>
{<br>
cout << "<<< derived constructor" << endl;<br>
}</p><p> // **** destructor ****</p><p> ~Derived()<br>
{<br>
cout << "<<< derived destructor" << endl;<br>
}<br>
};</p><p>int main(int argc, char* argv[])<br>
{</p><p> // **** ****</p><p> Derived *derived = new Derived();<br>
delete derived;<br>
cout << endl;</p><p> // **** ****</p><p> return 0;<br>
}</p><p><<< base constructor<br>
<<< derived constructor<br>
<<< derived destructor<br>
<<< base destructor</p><p>No need for virtual?</p></div></div></li><li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="dsq-comment-2820"><div id="dsq-comment-header-2820" class="dsq-comment-header">
<cite id="dsq-cite-2820">
<span id="dsq-author-user-2820">James</span>
</cite></div><div id="dsq-comment-body-2820" class="dsq-comment-body"><div id="dsq-comment-message-2820" class="dsq-comment-message"><p>Because the base pointer is not calling the constructor at all. The expression “new Derive()” is. You’re just assigning the return value of the new() call to the base pointer.</p><p>A Derive instance is created and constructed, and then the object’s address is stored in the base pointer afterward.</p></div></div></li><li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="dsq-comment-2623"><div id="dsq-comment-header-2623" class="dsq-comment-header">
<cite id="dsq-cite-2623">
<span id="dsq-author-user-2623">Prathipa</span>
</cite></div><div id="dsq-comment-body-2623" class="dsq-comment-body"><div id="dsq-comment-message-2623" class="dsq-comment-message"><p>When you create a derived object with base pointer, then created object gets the properties of base class because of base pointer(without virtual keyword). In this case how would a created object call derived class constructor ???</p></div></div></li><li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="dsq-comment-1916"><div id="dsq-comment-header-1916" class="dsq-comment-header">
<cite id="dsq-cite-1916">
<span id="dsq-author-user-1916">kaka</span>
</cite></div><div id="dsq-comment-body-1916" class="dsq-comment-body"><div id="dsq-comment-message-1916" class="dsq-comment-message"><p>why we need a virtual destructor when we have more than two virtual functions?</p></div></div></li><li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="dsq-comment-1854"><div id="dsq-comment-header-1854" class="dsq-comment-header">
<cite id="dsq-cite-1854">
<span id="dsq-author-user-1854">vikrant</span>
</cite></div><div id="dsq-comment-body-1854" class="dsq-comment-body"><div id="dsq-comment-message-1854" class="dsq-comment-message"><p>Another link on tech forum: <a href="http://www.writeulearn.com/virtual-destructor-c/" rel="nofollow">http://www.writeulearn.com/virtual-destructor-c/</a></p></div></div></li><li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="dsq-comment-1822"><div id="dsq-comment-header-1822" class="dsq-comment-header">
<cite id="dsq-cite-1822">
<span id="dsq-author-user-1822">vikrant</span>
</cite></div><div id="dsq-comment-body-1822" class="dsq-comment-body"><div id="dsq-comment-message-1822" class="dsq-comment-message"><p>Another link on tech forum:<a href="http://www.writeulearn.com/virtual-destructor-c/" rel="nofollow">http://www.writeulearn.com/virtual-destructor-c/</a></p></div></div></li><li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="dsq-comment-1048"><div id="dsq-comment-header-1048" class="dsq-comment-header">
<cite id="dsq-cite-1048">
<span id="dsq-author-user-1048">pip010</span>
</cite></div><div id="dsq-comment-body-1048" class="dsq-comment-body"><div id="dsq-comment-message-1048" class="dsq-comment-message"><p>this is the principle way of achieving runtime polymorphism in OOP C++.<br>
example: IDriver is pure abstract class, e.g.<br>
class IDriver<br>
{<br>
virtual void Init() = 0;<br>
};</p><p>class USBDriver : public IDriver<br>
{<br>
virtual ~USBDriver(){}</p><p>void Init(){}<br>
};</p><p>IDriver* driver = nullptr;<br>
//runtime you decide that you need the USB not lets say another //RS232Driver</p><p>driver = new USBDriver();</p><p>delete driver;</p></div></div></li><li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="dsq-comment-854"><div id="dsq-comment-header-854" class="dsq-comment-header">
<cite id="dsq-cite-854">
<span id="dsq-author-user-854">sabee</span>
</cite></div><div id="dsq-comment-body-854" class="dsq-comment-body"><div id="dsq-comment-message-854" class="dsq-comment-message"><p>Incase if you virtual functions in your class, and through base pointer you need to access derived class virtual function then, you can use like this.</p></div></div></li><li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="dsq-comment-796"><div id="dsq-comment-header-796" class="dsq-comment-header">
<cite id="dsq-cite-796">
<span id="dsq-author-user-796">harshal</span>
</cite></div><div id="dsq-comment-body-796" class="dsq-comment-body"><div id="dsq-comment-message-796" class="dsq-comment-message"><p>Base *basePtr = new Derive();<br>
In above line, why one has to use base class pointer to create derived class object?<br>
Why cant he use derived class pointer directly?<br>
Any particular example or application, can you give?</p></div></div></li></ul></div></div><p class="postmetadata"></p></div></div><div id="sidebar-right"><div class="rightbar-ad"><div id="ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-109"><div id="adsense3"> <script async="" src="./C++_ What is a Virtual DestructorVirtual Destructors - Programmer and Software Interview Questions and Answers_files/adsbygoogle.js.download"></script>
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