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Event Sourcing in Python with SQLAlchemy

This package supports using the Python eventsourcing library with SQLAlchemy.

Table of contents

Quick start

To use SQLAlchemy with your Python eventsourcing applications:

  • install the Python package eventsourcing_sqlalchemy
  • set the environment variable PERSISTENCE_MODULE to 'eventsourcing_sqlalchemy'
  • set the environment variable SQLALCHEMY_URL to an SQLAlchemy database URL

See below for more information.

Installation

Use pip to install the stable distribution from the Python Package Index. Please note, it is recommended to install Python packages into a Python virtual environment.

$ pip install eventsourcing_sqlalchemy

Getting started

Define aggregates and applications in the usual way.

from eventsourcing.application import Application
from eventsourcing.domain import Aggregate, event
from uuid import uuid5, NAMESPACE_URL


class TrainingSchool(Application):
    def register(self, name):
        dog = Dog(name)
        self.save(dog)

    def add_trick(self, name, trick):
        dog = self.repository.get(Dog.create_id(name))
        dog.add_trick(trick)
        self.save(dog)

    def get_tricks(self, name):
        dog = self.repository.get(Dog.create_id(name))
        return dog.tricks


class Dog(Aggregate):
    @event('Registered')
    def __init__(self, name):
        self.name = name
        self.tricks = []

    @staticmethod
    def create_id(name):
        return uuid5(NAMESPACE_URL, f'/dogs/{name}')

    @event('TrickAdded')
    def add_trick(self, trick):
        self.tricks.append(trick)

To use this module as the persistence module for your application, set the environment variable PERSISTENCE_MODULE to 'eventsourcing_sqlalchemy'.

When using this module, you need to set the environment variable SQLALCHEMY_URL to an SQLAlchemy database URL for your database. Please refer to the SQLAlchemy documentation for more information about SQLAlchemy Database URLs.

import os

os.environ['PERSISTENCE_MODULE'] = 'eventsourcing_sqlalchemy'
os.environ['SQLALCHEMY_URL'] = 'sqlite:///:memory:'

Construct and use the application in the usual way.

school = TrainingSchool()
school.register('Fido')
school.add_trick('Fido', 'roll over')
school.add_trick('Fido', 'play dead')
tricks = school.get_tricks('Fido')
assert tricks == ['roll over', 'play dead']

Managing transactions outside the application

Sometimes you might need to update an SQLAlchemy ORM model atomically with updates to your event-sourced application. You can manage transactions outside the application. Just call the application recorder's transaction() method and use the returned Transaction object as a context manager to obtain an SQLAlchemy Session object. You can add() your ORM objects to the session. Everything will commit atomically when the Transaction context manager exits. This effectively implements thread-scoped transactions.

with school.recorder.transaction() as session:
    # Update CRUD model.
    ...  # session.add(my_orm_object)
    # Update event-sourced application.
    school.register('Buster')
    school.add_trick('Buster', 'fetch ball')

    tricks = school.get_tricks('Buster')
    assert tricks == ['fetch ball']

Please note, the SQLAlchemy "autoflush" ORM feature is enabled by default.

app = Application()

with app.recorder.transaction() as session:
    assert session.autoflush is True

If you need "autoflush" to be disabled, you can set the environment variable SQLALCHEMY_NO_AUTOFLUSH.

app = Application(env={'SQLALCHEMY_AUTOFLUSH': 'False'})

with app.recorder.transaction() as session:
    assert session.autoflush is False

Alternatively, you can set the autoflush option directly on the SQLAlchemy session maker.

app = Application()
app.recorder.datastore.session_maker.kw["autoflush"] = False

with app.recorder.transaction() as session:
    assert session.autoflush is False

Alternatively, you can use the session's no_autoflush context manager.

app = Application()

with app.recorder.transaction() as session:
    with session.no_autoflush:
        assert session.autoflush is False

Alternatively, you can set the autoflush attribute of the session object.

app = Application()

with app.recorder.transaction() as session:
    session.autoflush = False
    # Add CRUD objects to the session.
    ...

Using SQLAlchemy scoped sessions

It's possible to configure the application to use an SQLAlchemy scoped_session object which will scope the session to standard threads, or other things such as Web requests in a Web application framework.

Define an adapter for a scoped_session object and configure the event-sourced application using the environment variable SQLALCHEMY_SCOPED_SESSION_TOPIC.

from eventsourcing.application import AggregateNotFound
from eventsourcing.utils import get_topic
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker, scoped_session

# Create engine.
engine = create_engine('sqlite:///:memory:')

# Create a scoped_session object.
session = scoped_session(
    sessionmaker(autocommit=False, autoflush=False, bind=engine)
)

# Define an adapter for the scoped session.
class MyScopedSessionAdapter:
    def __getattribute__(self, item: str) -> None:
        return getattr(session, item)

# Produce the topic of the scoped session adapter class.
scoped_session_topic = get_topic(MyScopedSessionAdapter)

# Construct an event-sourced application.
app = Application(
    env={'SQLALCHEMY_SCOPED_SESSION_TOPIC': scoped_session_topic}
)

# During request.
aggregate = Aggregate()
app.save(aggregate)
app.repository.get(aggregate.id)
session.commit()

# After request.
session.remove()

# During request.
app.repository.get(aggregate.id)

# After request.
session.remove()

# During request.
aggregate = Aggregate()
app.save(aggregate)
# forget to commit

# After request.
session.remove()

# During request.
try:
    # forgot to commit
    app.repository.get(aggregate.id)
except AggregateNotFound:
    pass
else:
    raise Exception("Expected aggregate not found")

# After request.
session.remove()

As you can see, you need to call commit() during a request, and call remove() after the request completes. Packages that integrate SQLAlchemy with Web application frameworks tend to automate this call to remove(). Some of them also call commit() automatically if an exception is not raised during the handling of a request.

Managing sessions with Flask-SQLAlchemy

The package Flask-SQLAlchemy (full docs) provides a class called SQLAlchemy which has a session attribute which is an SQLAlchemy scoped_session. This can be adapted in a similar way.

from flask import Flask
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
try:
    from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base  # type: ignore
except ImportError:
    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base

# Define a Flask app.
flask_app = Flask(__name__)
flask_app.config['SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI'] = 'sqlite:///:memory:'

# Integration between Flask and SQLAlchemy.
Base = declarative_base()
db = SQLAlchemy(flask_app, model_class=Base)


# Define an adapter for the scoped session.
class FlaskScopedSession:
    def __getattribute__(self, item: str) -> None:
        return getattr(db.session, item)


# Run the Flask application in a Web application server.
with flask_app.app_context():

    # Produce the topic of the scoped session adapter class.
    scoped_session_adapter_topic = get_topic(FlaskScopedSession)
    # Construct event-sourced application to use scoped sessions.
    es_app = Application(
        env={"SQLALCHEMY_SCOPED_SESSION_TOPIC": scoped_session_adapter_topic}
    )

    # During request.
    aggregate = Aggregate()
    es_app.save(aggregate)
    db.session.commit()

    # After request (this is done automatically).
    db.session.remove()

    # During request.
    es_app.repository.get(aggregate.id)

    # After request (this is done automatically).
    db.session.remove()

Managing sessions with FastAPI-SQLAlchemy

The package FastAPI-SQLAlchemy doesn't actually use an SQLAlchemy scoped_session, but instead has a global db variable that has a session attribute which returns request-scoped sessions when accessed. This can be adapted in a similar way. Sessions are committed automatically after the request has been handled successfully, and not committed if an exception is raised.

from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi_sqlalchemy import db, DBSessionMiddleware

# Define a FastAPI application.
fastapi_app = FastAPI()

# Add SQLAlchemy integration middleware to the FastAPI application.
fastapi_app.add_middleware(
    DBSessionMiddleware, db_url='sqlite:///:memory:'
)

# Build the middleware stack (happens automatically when the FastAPI app runs in a Web app server).
fastapi_app.build_middleware_stack()

# Define an adapter for the scoped session.
class FastapiScopedSession:
    def __getattribute__(self, item: str) -> None:
        return getattr(db.session, item)

# Construct an event-sourced application within a scoped session.
with db(commit_on_exit=True):
    # Produce the topic of the scoped session adapter class.
    scoped_session_adapter_topic = get_topic(FlaskScopedSession)
    # Construct event-sourced application to use scoped sessions.
    es_app = Application(
        env={"SQLALCHEMY_SCOPED_SESSION_TOPIC": get_topic(FastapiScopedSession)}
    )

# Create a new event-sourced aggregate.
with db(commit_on_exit=True):  # This happens automatically before handling a route.
    # Handle request.
    aggregate = Aggregate()
    es_app.save(aggregate)
    es_app.repository.get(aggregate.id)

# The aggregate has been committed.
with db(commit_on_exit=True):  # This happens automatically before handling a route.
    # Handle request.
    es_app.repository.get(aggregate.id)

# Raise exception after creating aggregate.
try:
    with db(commit_on_exit=True):
        # Handle request.
        aggregate = Aggregate()
        es_app.save(aggregate)
        es_app.repository.get(aggregate.id)
        raise TypeError("An error occurred!!!")
except TypeError:
    # Web framework returns an error.
    ...
else:
    raise Exception("Expected type error")

# The aggregate hasn't been committed.
with db(commit_on_exit=True):
    try:
        es_app.repository.get(aggregate.id)
    except AggregateNotFound:
        pass
    else:
        raise Exception("Expected aggregate not found")

Google Cloud SQL Python Connector

You can set the environment variable SQLALCHEMY_CONNECTION_CREATOR_TOPIC to a topic that will resolve to a callable that will be used to create database connections.

For example, you can use the Cloud SQL Python Connector in the following way.

First install the Cloud SQL Python Connector package from PyPI.

$ pip install 'cloud-sql-python-connector[pg8000]'

Then define a getconn() function, following the advice in the Cloud SQL Python Connector README page.

from google.cloud.sql.connector import Connector

# initialize Connector object
connector = Connector()

# function to return the database connection
def get_google_cloud_sql_conn():
    return connector.connect(
        "project:region:instance",
        "pg8000",
        user="postgres-iam-user@gmail.com",
        db="my-db-name",
        enable_iam_auth=True,
   )

Set the environment variable 'SQLALCHEMY_CONNECTION_CREATOR_TOPIC', along with 'PERSISTENCE_MODULE' and 'SQLALCHEMY_URL'.

from eventsourcing.utils import get_topic

os.environ['PERSISTENCE_MODULE'] = 'eventsourcing_sqlalchemy'
os.environ['SQLALCHEMY_URL'] = 'postgresql+pg8000://'
os.environ['SQLALCHEMY_CONNECTION_CREATOR_TOPIC'] = get_topic(get_google_cloud_sql_conn)

More information

See the library's documentation and the SQLAlchemy project for more information.