fishy

fishy is a toolkit for filesystem based data hiding techniques, implemented in Python. It collects various common exploitation methods, that make use of existing datastructures on the filesystem layer, for hiding data from conventional file access methods. This toolkit is intended to introduce people to the concept of established anti-forensic methods associated with data hiding.

This document will provide some basic information about fishy. For a more in-depth documentation, you can visit the github wiki or use the documentation within the repository.

Code Authors and Project

fishy is a project initiated by the da/sec research group and several bachelor students of the Hochschule Darmstadt (h_da), University of Applied Sciences.

Student members: Jan Türr, Adrian Kailus, Christian Hecht, Matthias Greune, Deniz Celik, Tim Christen, Dustin Kern, Yannick Mau and Patrick Naili.

da/sec members: Thomas Göbel, Sebastian Gärtner and Lorenz Liebler.

References

• [1] Adrian V. Kailus, Christian Hecht, Thomas Göbel und Lorenz Liebler, „fishy – Ein Framework zur Umsetzung von Verstecktechniken in Dateisystemen“, in D-A-CH Security, Gelsenkirchen (Germany), September 2018.
• [2] Thomas Göbel and Harald Baier, „fishy – A Framework for Implementing Filesystem-based Data Hiding Techniques“, in Proceedings of the 10th EAI International Conference on Digital Forensics & Cyber Crime (ICDF2C), New Orleans (United States), September 2018.
• [3] Thomas Göbel, Jan Türr and Harald Baier, „Revisiting Data Hiding Techniques for Apple File System“, in Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Digital Forensics (WSDF) to be held in conjunction with the 14th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (ARES), Canterbury (UK), August 2019.

Attribution

Any publications using the code must cite and reference the conference paper [1] and [2].

Requirements

• Build:
  • Python version 3.5 or higher
  • argparse - command line argument parsing
  • construct - parsing FAT filesystems
    • Note: Please install a version earlier than 2.9 (2.8.22 is recommended)
  • pytsk3 - parsing NTFS filesystems
  • simple-crypt - encryption of metadata using AES-CTR
• Testing
  • pytest - unit test framework
  • mount and dd - unix tools. needed for test image generation
• Documentation
  • sphinx - generates the documentation
  • sphinx-argparse - cli parameter documentation
  • graphviz - unix tool. generates graphs, used in the documentation

Installation

# To run unit tests before installing
$ sudo python setup.py test
# Install the program
$ sudo python setup.py install
# Create documentation
$ pip install sphinx sphinx-argparse
$ python setup.py doc

To generate the documentation as pdf:

$ cd doc
$ make latexpdf

You may have to install some extra latex dependencies:

$ sudo apt-get install latexmk
$ sudo apt-get install texlive-formats-extra

Usage and Hiding Techniques

Techniques we found

• FAT:

  • File Slack [✓]
  • Bad Cluster Allocation [✓]
  • Allocate More Clusters for a file [✓]

• NTFS:

  • File Slack [✓]
  • MFT Slack [✓]
  • Allocate More Clusters for File [✓]
  • Bad Cluster Allocation [✓]
  • Add data attribute to directories
  • Alternate Data Streams

• Ext4:

  • Superblock Slack [✓]
  • reserved GDT blocks [✓]
  • File Slack [✓]
  • inode:
    • osd2 [✓]
    • obso_faddr [✓]

• APFS:

  • Superblock Slack [✓]
  • Write-Gen-Counter [✓]
  • Inode Padding [✓]
  • Timestamp Hiding [✓]
  • Extended Field Padding [✓]

CLI

The cli interface groups all hiding techniques (and others) into subcommands. Currently available subcommands are:

• fattools - Provides some information about a FAT filesystem
• metadata - Provides some information about data that is stored in a metadata file
• fileslack - Exploitation of File Slack
• addcluster - Allocate additional clusters for a file
• badcluster - Allocate bad clusters
• superblock_slack - Exploitation of Superblock Slack
• reserved_gdt_blocks - Exploitation of reserved GDT blocks
• osd2 - Exploitation of inode's osd2 field
• obso_faddr - Exploitation of inode's obso_faddr field
• write_gen - Exploitation of Write-Gen-Counter field found in inodes.
• inode_padding - Exploitation of inode padding fields.
• timestamp_hiding - Exploitation of nanosecond timestamps.
• xfield_padding - Exploitation of dynamically created extended fields.

FATtools

To get information about a FAT filesystem you can use the fattools subcommand:

# Get some meta information about the FAT filesystem
$ fishy -d testfs-fat32.dd fattools -i
FAT Type:                                  FAT32
Sector Size:                               512
Sectors per Cluster:                       8
Sectors per FAT:                           3904
FAT Count:                                 2
Dataregion Start Byte:                     4014080
Free Data Clusters (FS Info):              499075
Recently Allocated Data Cluster (FS Info): 8
Root Directory Cluster:                    2
FAT Mirrored:                              False
Active FAT:                                0
Sector of Bootsector Copy:                 6

# List entries of the file allocation table
$ fishy -d testfs-fat12.dd fattools -f
0 last_cluster
1 last_cluster
2 free_cluster
3 last_cluster
4 5
5 6
6 7
7 last_cluster
[...]

# List files in a directory (use cluster_id from second column to list subdirectories)
$ fishy -d testfs-fat12.dd fattools -l 0
f     3        4        another
f     0        0        areallylongfilenamethatiwanttoreadcorrectly.txt
f     4        8001     long_file.txt
d     8        0        onedirectory
f     10       5        testfile.txt

Metadata

Metadata files will be created while writing information into the filesystem. They are required to restore those information or to wipe them from filesystem. To display information, that are stored in those metadata files, you can use the metadata subcommand.

# Show metadata information from a metadata file
$ fishy metadata -m metadata.json
Version: 2
Module Identifier: fat-file-slack
Stored Files:
  File_ID: 0
  Filename: 0
  Associated File Metadata:
    {'clusters': [[3, 512, 11]]}

File Slack

The fileslack subcommand provides functionality to read, write and clean the file slack of files in a filesystem.

Available for these filesystem types:

• FAT
• NTFS
• EXT4

# write into slack space
$ echo "TOP SECRET" | fishy -d testfs-fat12.dd fileslack -t myfile.txt -m metadata.json -w

# read from slack space
$ fishy -d testfs-fat12.dd fileslack -m metadata.json -r
TOP SECRET

# wipe slack space
$ fishy -d testfs-fat12.dd fileslack -m metadata.json -c

# show info about slack space of a file
$ fishy -d testfs-fat12.dd fileslack -m metadata.json -t myfile.txt -i
File: myfile.txt
  Occupied in last cluster: 4
  Ram Slack: 508
  File Slack: 1536

MFT Slack

The mftslack subcommand provides functionality to read, write and clean the slack of mft entries in a filesystem.

Available for these filesystem types:

• NTFS

# write into slack space
$ echo "TOP SECRET" | fishy -d testfs-ntfs.dd mftslack -m metadata.json -w

# read from slack space
$ fishy -d testfs-ntfs.dd mftslack -m metadata.json -r
TOP SECRET

# wipe slack space
$ fishy -d testfs-ntfs.dd mftslack -m metadata.json -c

Additional Cluster Allocation

The addcluster subcommand provides methods to read, write and clean additional clusters for a file where data can be hidden.

Available for these filesystem types:

• FAT
• NTFS

# Allocate additional clusters for a file and hide data in it
$ echo "TOP SECRET" | fishy -d testfs-fat12.dd addcluster -t myfile.txt -m metadata.json -w

# read hidden data from additionally allocated clusters
$ fishy -d testfs-fat12.dd addcluster -m metadata.json -r
TOP SECRET

# clean up additionally allocated clusters
$ fishy -d testfs-fat12.dd addcluster -m metadata.json -c

Bad Cluster Allocation

The badcluster subcommand provides methods to read, write and clean bad clusters, where data can be hidden.

Available for these filesystem types:

• FAT
• NTFS

# Allocate bad clusters and hide data in it
$ echo "TOP SECRET" | fishy -d testfs-fat12.dd badcluster -m metadata.json -w

# read hidden data from bad clusters
$ fishy -d testfs-fat12.dd badcluster -m metadata.json -r
TOP SECRET

# clean up bad clusters
$ fishy -d testfs-fat12.dd badcluster -m metadata.json -c

Reserved GDT Blocks

The reserved_gdt_blocks subcommand provides methods to read, write and clean the space reserved for the expansion of the GDT.

Available for these filesystem types:

• EXT4

# write int reserved GDT Blocks
$ echo "TOP SECRET" | fishy -d testfs-ext4.dd reserved_gdt_blocks -m metadata.json -w

# read hidden data from reserved GDT Blocks
$ fishy -d testfs-ext4.dd reserved_gdt_blocks -m metadata.json -r
TOP SECRET

# clean up reserved GDT Blocks
$ fishy -d testfs-ext4.dd reserved_gdt_blocks -m metadata.json -c

Superblock Slack

The superblock_slack subcommand provides methods to read, write and clean the slack of superblocks in an ext4 filesystem or the superblock and object map structures in an APFS filesystem

Available for these filesystem types:

• EXT4
• APFS

# write int Superblock Slack
$ echo "TOP SECRET" | fishy -d testfs-ext4.dd superblock_slack -m metadata.json -w

# read hidden data from Superblock Slack
$ fishy -d testfs-ext4.dd superblock_slack -m metadata.json -r
TOP SECRET

# clean up Superblock Slack
$ fishy -d testfs-ext4.dd superblock_slack -m metadata.json -c

OSD2

The osd2 subcommand provides methods to read, write and clean the unused last two bytes of the inode field osd2

Available for these filesystem types:

• EXT4

# write int osd2 inode field
$ echo "TOP SECRET" | fishy -d testfs-ext4.dd osd2 -m metadata.json -w

# read hidden data from osd2 inode field
$ fishy -d testfs-ext4.dd osd2 -m metadata.json -r
TOP SECRET

# clean up osd2 inode field
$ fishy -d testfs-ext4.dd osd2 -m metadata.json -c	

obso_faddr

The obso_faddr subcommand provides methods to read, write and clean the unused inode field obso_faddr

Available for these filesystem types:

• EXT4

# write int obso_faddr inode field
$ echo "TOP SECRET" | fishy -d testfs-ext4.dd obso_faddr -m metadata.json -w

# read hidden data from obso_faddr inode field
$ fishy -d testfs-ext4.dd obso_faddr -m metadata.json -r
TOP SECRET

# clean up obso_faddr inode field
$ fishy -d testfs-ext4.dd obso_faddr -m metadata.json -c	

Write-Gen-Counter

The write_gen subcommand provides methods to read, write and clean the Write-Gen-Counter field found in APFS inodes

Available for these filesystem types:

• APFS

# write into inode write_gen_counter fields
$ echo "TOP SECRET" | fishy -d testfs-apfs.dd write_gen -m metadata.json -w
# read hidden data from inode write_gen_counter fields
$ fishy -d testfs-apfs.dd write_gen -m metadata.json -r
TOP SECRET
# clean up write_gen_counter fields
$ fishy -d testfs-apfs.dd write_gen -m metadata.json -c

Inode Padding

The inode_padding subcommand provides methods to read, write and clean the inode padding fields found in APFS inodes

Available for these filesystem types:

• APFS

# write into inode padding fields
$ echo "TOP SECRET" | fishy -d testfs-apfs.dd inode_padding -m metadata.json -w
# read hidden data from inode padding fields
$ fishy -d testfs-apfs.dd inode_padding -m metadata.json -r
TOP SECRET
# clean up inode padding field
$ fishy -d testfs-apfs.dd inode_padding -m metadata.json -c

Timestamp Hiding

The timestamp_hiding subcommand provides methods to read, write and clean the nanosecond parts of timestamps located in APFS inodes

Available for these filesystem types:

• APFS

# write into inode nanosecond timestamps
$ echo "TOP SECRET" | fishy -d testfs-apfs.dd timestamp_hiding -m metadata.json -w
# read hidden data from inode nanosecond timestamps
$ fishy -d testfs-apfs.dd timestamp_hiding -m metadata.json -r
TOP SECRET
# clean up inode nanosecond timestamps
$ fishy -d testfs-apfs.dd timestamp_hiding -m metadata.json -c

Extended Field Padding

The xfield_paddingsubcommand provides methods to read, write and clean the dynamically created extended field padding areas in APFS inodes

Available for these filesystem types:

• APFS

# write into inode extended field padding
$ echo "TOP SECRET" | fishy -d testfs-apfs.dd xfield_padding -m metadata.json -w
# read hidden data from inode extended field padding
$ fishy -d testfs-apfs.dd xfield_padding -m metadata.json -r
TOP SECRET
# clean up inode extended field padding
$ fishy -d testfs-apfs.dd xfield_padding -m metadata.json -c

Encryption and Checksumming

Currently, fishy does not provide on the fly encryption and does not apply any data integrity methods to the hidden data. Thus its left to the user, to add those extra functionality before hiding the data. The following listing gives two examples, on how to use pipes to easily get these features.

To encrypt data with a password, one can use gnupg:

$ echo "TOP SECRET" | gpg2 --symmetric - | fishy -d testfs-fat12.dd badcluster -m metadata.json -w

To detect corruption of the hidden data, there exist many possibilities and tools. The following code listing gives an easy example on how to use zip for this purpose.

$ echo "TOP SECRET" | gzip | fishy -d testfs-fat12.dd badcluster -m metadata.json -w

Development

• Unittests can be executed by running pytest. Please make sure the create_testfs.sh script runs as expected.
• To make sure tests will run against the current state of your project and not only against some old installed version, consider installing via pip install -e . or python setup.py develop instead of python setup.py install
• Doctests can by executed with python3 -m unittest tests/test_doctest.py.
• To add modules to doctest, extend the load_tests funtion under tests/test_doctest.py.

Creating test filesystem images

With create_testfs.sh you can create prepared filesystem images. These already include files, which get copied from utils/fs-files/. To create a set of test images, simply run

$ ./create_testfs.sh

The script has a bunch of options, which will be useful when writing unit tests. See comments in the script for further information.

If you would like to use existing test images while running unit tests, create a file called .create_testfs.conf under utils. Here you can define the variable copyfrom to provide a directory, where your existing test images are located. For instance:

copyfrom="/my/image/folder"

To build all images that might be necessary for unittests, run

$ ./create_testfs.sh -t all

How to implement a hiding technique

Here some general rules an hints, how one can integrate a hiding technique into the existing project structure:

1. Under fishy create a wrapper module for each hiding technique, which handles the filesystem specific hiding technique calls + does main-metadata handling. The cli module would only know about this wrapper module, not your filesystem specific hiding technique module.
2. Hiding techniques are located in either fat, ntfs or ext4 submodule.
3. Create a Metadata class in your hiding technique implementation. This class holds hiding technique dependent metadata, to be able to restore hidden data after write operations. Only use primitive data types in this class, so they can be serialized via the __dict__ attribute. Let the write method return an instance of this class, which then will be written to the metadata file.
4. Every hiding technique should implement at least a write, read and a clear method.
5. Ony operate on streams in your hiding technique implementation. E.g. don't pass a file to the write implementation, which then would be opened, read and its content hidden. Instead let the wrapper script handle opening things. This shall ensure that the hiding technique gets more reusable and also simpler, as non technique specific things don't be handled there.

A simple example would be the fishy.fat.cluster_allocator.py

Metadata handling

To be able to restore hidden data, most hiding techniques will need some additional information. These information will be stored in a metadata file. The fishy.metadata class provides functions to read and write metadata files and automatically de-/encrypting the metadata if a password is provided. The purpose of this class is to ensure, that all metadata files have a similar datastructure. Though the program can detect at an early point, that for example a user uses the wrong hiding technique to restore hidden data. This metadata class we can call the 'main-metadata' class

When implementing a hiding technique, this technique must implement its own, hiding technique specific, metadata class. So the hiding technique itself defines which data will be stored. The write method then returns this technique specific metadata class which then gets serialized and stored in the main-metadata.