Enhance gen_vx_mask to support a new local solar time masking region option

[JohnHalleyGotway]

Describe the Enhancement

The gen_vx_mask tool already supports solar altitude (solar_alt) and solar azimuth (solar_azi) masking by computing the solar altitude and azimuth values at each grid point for the time defined by the mask_file setting. mask_file may either be set to an explicit time string in YYYYMMDD[_HH[MMSS]] format or to a gridded data file. If set to a gridded data file, the -mask_field command line option specifies the field of data whose valid time should be used. If the -thresh command line option is not used, the raw solar altitude or azimuth value for each grid point will be written to the output. If it is used, the resulting binary mask field will be written. This option is useful when defining a day/night mask.

This issue will enhance gen_vx_mask to support a new option -type solar_time and provide a way to define the beginning/ending solar time to be included in the mask.

Consider also writing up another development issue to add support for mask.solar_time directly in the configuration files for the STAT tools.

Time Estimate

2 days?

Sub-Issues

Consider breaking the enhancement down into sub-issues.
None needed.

Relevant Deadlines

Note that the SWPC 2770493 funding ends in March 2025. So this work should be done during FY25 Q1 (NRL) or FY25 Q2 (SWPC) during the beta1 or beta2 development cycles.

Funding Source

SWPC 2770493
or
NRL METplus 7730022

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• METplus, MET, METdataio, METviewer, METexpress, METcalcpy, METplotpy
• Enhance GenVxMask wrapper to compute time-varying masks using Local Solar Time METplus#2586

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[JohnHalleyGotway]

Gen-Vx-Mask already supports the solar azimuth and altitude types with examples like this:

gen_vx_mask \
$MET_TEST_INPUT/model_data/grib2/gfsanl/gfsanl_4_20120409_1200_000.grb2 \
20120409_06 \
GFS_SOLAR_AZI.nc \
-type solar_azi

Solar azimuth has values from -180 to 180 degrees:

gen_vx_mask \
$MET_TEST_INPUT/model_data/grib2/gfsanl/gfsanl_4_20120409_1200_000.grb2 \
20120409_06 \
GFS_SOLAR_ALT.nc \
-type solar_alt

Solar altitude has values from -90 to 90 degrees:

Adding the solar time option will create a field of data that basically looks like time zones whose value remains constant for each longitude.

[JohnHalleyGotway]

@jvigh I'm looking for some advice on units. Here's what the solar time output will look like for the 20120409_06 timestamp. At 06Z, solar noon is roughly over the Indian Ocean.

This image shows solar time in seconds of the day, where solar noon = 12 * 60 * 60 = 43,200. Do you like defining the units as seconds? Or would it be more convenient to define it in decimal hours? So report solar noon as 12.0 instead of 43,200?

[jvigh]

Hi John, I think this is a good question for SWPC. My preference would be decimal hours, as I think that's more "human-friendly". If you would like, I can reach out to get their input. Jonathan

[JohnHalleyGotway]

Thanks for the input @jvigh. I'll switch to decimal hours, and I do agree that's more "human-friendly".

[JohnHalleyGotway]

@jvigh and @DanielAdriaansen, good news, adding support for this new -type solar_time option for gen_vx_mask was very straightforward. A feature branch that includes these changes can be found and tested in:

seneca:/d1/projects/MET/MET_pull_requests/met-12.1.0/beta1/MET-feature_2966_local_solar_time

This includes code changes in gen_vx_mask to support the new masking option, one new unit test to demonstrate its use, and updates to the documentation. I also took the opportunity to make log messages more consistent, and also add a units attribute to the NetCDF variable output.

I do need to wait until the the met-12.0.0-rc1 release goes out in around a week before merging this into the develop branch since these changes belong in 12.1.0, not 12.0.0.

But @jvigh this code is ready for your testing and for development with dtcenter/METplus#2586 as well as a new METplus use case to demonstrate it.

What's next? Do you want to do some initial testing before I submit a PR? Or should I just submit the PR now (and NOT merge until after the 12.0.0-rc1 release)?

[JohnHalleyGotway]

@jvigh another detail occurred to me that I wanted to ask you about. Shown below are the masks generated by the following 2 commands:

> gen_vx_mask G004 20241221_15 \
SOLAR_ALT_20241221_15.nc -type solar_alt \
-thresh gt0

> gen_vx_mask G004 20241221_15 \
SOLAR_TIME_20241221_15.nc -type solar_time \
-thresh 'ge11&&le13'

The top shows where the solar altitude is >0, i.e. the sun is above the horizon. The bottom shows the solar time between 11:00am and 1:00pm. Note that in portions of Greenland, while it is around solar noon, the sun is below the horizon.

These 2 masks could be combined, like this:

> gen_vx_mask G004 20241221_15 \
SOLAR_ALT_20241221_15.nc -type solar_alt \
-thresh gt0

> gen_vx_mask SOLAR_ALT_20241221_15.nc 20241221_15 \
SOLAR_ALT_TIME_20241221_15.nc -type solar_time \
-thresh 'ge11&&le13' -intersection

For the purposes of space-weather verification, do we need the ability to easily combine these masks, thresholding BOTH the solar altitude and the solar time? Or is it sufficient to process these fields separately?

[jvigh]

@JohnHalleyGotway That's a great question. My hunch would be that it would be nice to easily combine the masks, but many times people may wish to process the fields separately. Let me ask SWPC.

[jvigh]

@JohnHalleyGotway Regarding testing -- unfortunately, I'm about to go out on vacation and then work travel and I won't really have much bandwidth to do any testing between now and Nov 25. However, if you'd like, we could have @CPKalb do the testing and create a basic use case (if she has availability in the next week or two). I'll let her respond as to her availability and bandwidth to undertake something like this.

[CPKalb]

@jvigh and @JohnHalleyGotway I have some availability at the end of this week into next week that I could do the testing and use case.

[JohnHalleyGotway]

I was able to add logic to make combining multiple similar mask types together in a single run pretty easy. So I've included that functionality in this Pull Request for these changes. This will be useful for other types of masking operations as well, not just for solar time.

Here's a few examples. Previously, all of these would have required multiple runs of Gen-Vx-Mask:

1. Selecting points near mid-solar day where the sun is above the horizon:

> gen_vx_mask G004 20241221_15 global_midday.nc \
  -type solar_alt,solar_time -thresh 'gt0','ge11&&le13' \
  -intersection

2. Selecting western hemisphere tropic points:

> gen_vx_mask G004 G004 western_hemi_tropics.nc \
  -type lat,lon -thresh '>=-23.5&&<=23.5','<0' \
  -intersection

3. Selecting northwest hemisphere land points with freezing surface temperatures:

> gen_vx_mask gfs.grb2 gfs.grb2 nw_hemi_freezing_land.nc \
  -type data,data,lat,lon \
  -mask_field 'name="LAND"; level="L0";' \
  -mask_field 'name="TMP"; level="Z2";' \
  -thresh '==1','<273','>0','<0' \
  -intersection -v 5

Here's the resulting images:

[DanielAdriaansen]

@CPKalb @jvigh @JohnHalleyGotway just wanted to follow up regarding a use case mentioned above. Was the use case just to demonstrate the masking? Or was it specific to a SWPC or other use case where it should have been added? I see this was merged but was unsure whether there's still use case work to be done and if so, whether there's a corresponding issue or not. Thanks!

[jvigh]

@JohnHalleyGotway SWPC would like a use case that demonstrates stratification by LST. I discussed with Dan Adriaansen whether this could be done under the NRL funding, and not very likely there will be time/funding. It's possible we can do this under the IDIQ funding for SWPC, but we want to finish up the specified deliverables first.

I've created a placeholder issue for the development of this use case:
https://github.com/NCAR/SWPC-Realtime-Evaluation/issues/60