Null Analysis

This page describes continuing work on improving the static null analysis of the JDT compiler.

The initial master bug for this work was , this part has been released for Eclipse Juno (JDT 3.8).

Later, "type annotations" (JSR 308, part of Java 8), have been adopted for null analysis via — released with JDT's support for Java 8 and then Luna (JDT 3.10).

Support for external annotations has been added via , released with Eclipse Mars (JDT 3.11).

User documentation can meanwhile be found in the online help:

• Using null annotations (Java ≤ 1.7)
• Using null type annotations (Java ≥ 1.8)
• Using external null annotations

When migrating from SE5-style null annotations to null type annotations in Java 8, a few compatibility considerations are relevant.

Introduction

The static analysis of the JDT compiler detects many potential programming problems related to the null-ness of variables: dereferencing a null value (-> NPE), redundant null checks etc.

However, the analysis in JDT ≤ 3.7 is restricted to flow analysis within one method. No assumptions can be made about

• arguments flowing into a method
• return values from method calls and
• field reads.

In order to include these elements in the analysis one could either

• use whole program analysis (very expensive - not feasible for a (incremental) compiler)
• explicit contracts via an extended type system or annotations

The second option is well explored in research and some existing tools (like the Checker Framework, JML, FindBugs) already introduce specific annotations to this end.

One could argue that advanced analysis should be left to specialized tools but having something like this in the JDT compiler should show two benefits:

• feedback is more immediate and it is available for all JDT users without installing more software
• analysis might be more precise than some existing tools provide, because the actual flow analysis in the JDT compiler is already pretty strong (unproven claim).

See also these presentations: recording of the ECE 2011 session: Bye, bye, NPE by Stephan Herrmann ECNA 2014 session JDT Embraces Type Annotations by Stephan Herrmann ECE 2014 session A Deep Dive into the Void - Advanced Null Type Annotations by Stephan Herrmann ECE 2016 session The End of the world as we know it - AKA your last NullPointerException $1B bugs! by Michael Vorburger ECE 2017 session Null type annotations in practice by Till Brychcy ECE 2022 session The long good-bye to NPE by Stephan Herrmann

Actual Strategy in the JDT

By default the JDT does not support inter-procedural null analysis, however, starting with 3.8 the JDT can be configured to use annotations for extended null checking.

Up-to-date documentation for the annotation-based null analysis and its new configuration options can be found in the Eclipse help (Eclipse 3.8 and greater):

• Java development user guide
  • Reference > Preferences > Java > Compiler > Errors/Warnings
    scroll down to Null analysis -- read online
  • Tasks > Improving Java code quality
    > Using null annotations read online
    > Using null type annotations read online (since Luna)

Specifying nullness

Null annotations in method signatures can be interpreted as null contracts, however, a more general approach considers null annotations as an extension of the type system. Since the availability of JSR 308 all type references should either include or exclude null, which allows for complete checking of any possible dereferencing of null. In other words, a fully annotated program which passes the type checker will never raise an NPE at runtime.

To achieve this guarantee two annotations are used. The specific annotations types can be selected as a preference, but the following defaults are provided:

• org.eclipse.jdt.annotation.NonNull
• org.eclipse.jdt.annotation.Nullable

For any variable who's type is annotated with @NonNull (or the configured equivalent) the following rules apply:

• It is illegal to bind null or a value that can be null to the variable. (For fields and local variables this applies to initialization and assignments, for method argument binding a value means to pass an actual argument in a method call).
• It is legal and safe to dereference such a variable for accessing a field or a method of the bound object.

For any variable who's type is annotated with @Nullable (or the configured equivalent) the following rules apply:

• It is legal to bind null or a value that can be null to the variable (see details above).
• It is illegal to dereference such a variable for either field or method access.

The above rules imply that the value from a @NonNull variable can be bound to a variable annotated with @Nullable, but the opposite direction is generally illegal. Only after an explicit null check can a @Nullable variable be treated as being @NonNull for the sake of binding to another @NonNull variable or for dereferencing. For fields the situation is actually more complex — please read "The case of fields".

For interaction with inheritance see Null Contract Inheritance.

Usage

In order to try the new analysis against any existing Java project the following steps should help:

• Open the compiler preferences for your project:

  • Ensure compliance is 1.5 or higher

  • Find the section Null analysis and select Enable annotation-based null analysis
    

  • You will be prompted to update the severity of some null-related problems, this is recommended.

• Apply any of the annotations @NonNull, @Nullable or @NonNullByDefault in your code.

  • The annotation will be unresolvable at first, but a quick fix is offered to update the project setup:
    (see also: Help: Setup of the build path)
    • Copy library with default annotations to build path (plain Java projects)
  • For Plug-in projects it is recommended to add an optional, versioned dependency to the bundle org.eclipse.jdt.annotation

• Define @NonNull as the default at the granularity of your choice (package/type):

  • package: add a file package-info.java with contents like this:
    @NonNullByDefault package org.my.pack.age;
  • type: add @NonNullByDefault to the type declaration.

• At this point you should see plenty of new errors and warnings

Hints:
Setting the default to @NonNull is the recommended option for new projects, but for existing projects this could require a major clean-up in terms of inserting explicit @Nullable annotations in many locations. Experience shows, that this is a non-trivial task since in existing code the original intention, which parameter/return value should be allowed to be null, is usually blurred. Here starting with no default but adding individual annotations where the intention is clear will cause less disruption. This incremental approach should be seen as a long-term yet low effort task, not only for getting rid of NPEs but also for sorting the responsibilities in the code, which may have eroded over time.

Cleaning up

When applying the new analysis to a big existing project, the sheer number of new problems may look intimidating but that's where quick fixes will come to the rescue. Currently the following problems offer a quickfix:

• Null type mismatch: required '@NonNull Foo' but the provided value is null
• Null type mismatch: required '@NonNull Foo' but the provided value is specified as @Nullable
  not in JDT 3.8.0 - see https://bugs.eclipse.org/bugs/show_bug.cgi?id=337977#c19
• Null type mismatch: required '@NonNull Foo' but the provided value is inferred as @Nullable
• Null type safety: The expression of type Foo needs unchecked conversion to conform to '@NonNull Foo'
  Fixable for these locations: return statements:
  Note that the mentioned @NonNull declaration may be implicit via an applicable default In cases 3) and 4) use only with care: the compiler has no clear indication if @Nullable was actually intended or not
  The fix is:
  Declare method return as @Nullable
• Null comparison always yields false: The variable x is specified as @NonNull
• Redundant null check: The variable x is specified as @NonNull
  Fixable for these locations: null check for a method parameter
  The fix is:
  Declare method parameter as @Nullable Otherwise a null check may indeed be unnecessary and should be deleted.
• The return type is incompatible with the @NonNull return from SuperFoo.foo()
  Location: declaration of an overriding method
  Note again that the mentioned @NonNull declaration may be due to a default.
  Possible fixes are:
  Change return type of foo(..) to '@NonNull'
  Change return type of overridden foo(..) to '@Nullable'
• Illegal redefinition of parameter a, inherited method from SuperFoo declares this parameter as @Nullable
• Illegal redefinition of parameter a, inherited method from SuperFoo does not constrain this parameter. Location: Parameter declaration of an overriding method The second form occurs when no null default applies at the scope of the super method. Possible fixes are: Change parameter type to '@Nullable' Change parameter type in overridden 'foo(..)' to '@NonNull'
• Missing non-null annotation: inherited method from SuperClass declares this parameter as @NonNull
• Missing nullable annotation: inherited method from SuperClass declares this parameter as @Nullable
  Location: Parameter declaration of an overriding method
  Quick fix is either of:
  Change parameter type to @NonNull Change parameter type to @Nullable

These quick fixes can be applied...

• individually (Ctrl-1)
• all occurrences per file (via the hover)
• all occurrences (via context menu in the Problems view)

Note, that some quick fixes require to modify another compilation unit (file) than the one where the problem was observed. For these quickfixes the current implementation doesn't support fixing several equal issues in bulk (for the technical background see ).

Defaults at different levels

If no null annotations are used, the compiler uses the original Java semantics, where the following is legal for all variables of reference types:

• assign null, and
• dereference without check.

To generally avoid these weak semantics you may want to declare that by default all types should be considered as nonnull.

This is done using the annotation 'NonNullByDefault'. The qualified type name of this annotation can be configured using the preference "'NonNullByDefault' annotation". The built-in value for these preference is org.eclipse.jdt.annotation.NonNullByDefault.

• This annotation takes an optional parameter that can be used to cancel a default that may possible apply at the current location. This is useful when, e.g., sub-classing a legacy class without null annotation, where the sub-class sits in a place that would otherwise apply non-null as the default, which would make all overrides incompatible with inherited methods.
  • When using version 1.x of org.eclipse.jdt.annotation specify false as the annotation argument.
  • When using version 2.x of org.eclipse.jdt.annotation specify {} as the annotation argument.

This annotation can be applied to any package, Java type or method, and has the following effect:

• Java ≤ 1.7:
  The annotation affects all method returns and parameters with undefined null status within their scope. Starting with Eclipse Kepler, also fields are affected (see ).

• Java ≥ 1.8:
  Many more locations are affected, but local variables are intentionally unaffected by any default.

External Annotations

To close the gap of 3rd party libraries without formally defined null contracts, starting with Eclipse Mars JDT supports the concept of external annotations.

Status

Done

At the current point the following bugs are resolved:

Since 3.8 (Juno):

• bug 186342 - [compiler][null] Using annotations for null checking

• bug 334455 - UI for new preferences regarding null annotations (plus a dup: ).

• bug 334457 - [compiler][null] check compatibility of inherited null contracts

• bug 331647 - [compiler][null] support flexible default mechanism for null-annotations

• bug 365208 - [compiler][batch] command line options for annotation based null analysis

Since 4.3 (Kepler):

• bug 331649 - [compiler][null] consider null annotations for fields

• bug 363368 - [compiler][null] syntactic null analysis for field references

• bug 337977 - [quick fix] Add quickfixes for null annotations

• bug 388281 - [compiler][null] inheritance of null annotations as an option

Since 4.4 (Luna):

• bug 392099 - [1.8][compiler][null] Apply null annotation on types for null analysis - requires Java 8

Since 4.5 (Mars):

• bug 331651 - [compiler][null] Support external null annotations for libraries - see JDT Core/Null Analysis//External Annotations

Since 4.8 (Photon):

• bug 507109 - [9] Consider @NonNullByDefault in module-info

• bug 518839 - [null] Null-checks should honor @TypeQualifierDefault to reduce the scope of what's checked

Future

The following bugzillas address future improvements of the above strategy:

• bug 414237 - [compiler][null] Support a @LazyNonNull annotation for fields