add 2 CMake build options of Dawn (#23096)

### Description

This change adds the following CMake build options for Dawn:
- onnxruntime_BUILD_DAWN_MONOLITHIC_LIBRARY
  - OFF by default
  - when enabled, builds Dawn as a monolithic library (webgpu_dawn.dll)
- onnxruntime_ENABLE_DAWN_BACKEND_VULKAN
  - OFF by default
  - when enabled, build with Vulkan backend for Dawn on Windows
- onnxruntime_ENABLE_DAWN_BACKEND_D3D12
  - ON by default
  - when enabled, build with DirectX 12 backend for Dawn on Windows



### File Size Comparison (Windows)

|  Build | cmdline  |  File Size  |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | --config Release<br/> --build_shared_lib | `12,755,456
onnxruntime.dll` |
| WebGPU D3D12 (default) | --use_webgpu<br/> --config Release<br/>
--build_shared_lib | `17,082,368 dxcompiler.dll`<br/>` 1,508,472
dxil.dll`<br/>`18,708,480 onnxruntime.dll` |
| WebGPU D3D12+Vulkan | --use_webgpu<br/> --config Release<br/>
--build_shared_lib<br/> --cmake_extra_defines<br/>
onnxruntime_ENABLE_DAWN_BACKEND_D3D12=1<br/>
onnxruntime_ENABLE_DAWN_BACKEND_VULKAN=1 | `17,081,344
dxcompiler.dll`<br/>` 1,508,472 dxil.dll`<br/>`19,388,416
onnxruntime.dll` |
| WebGPU Vulkan | --use_webgpu<br/> --config Release<br/>
--build_shared_lib<br/> --cmake_extra_defines<br/>
onnxruntime_ENABLE_DAWN_BACKEND_D3D12=0<br/>
onnxruntime_ENABLE_DAWN_BACKEND_VULKAN=1 | `17,615,872 onnxruntime.dll`
|
| Monolithic | --use_webgpu<br/> --config Release<br/>
--build_shared_lib<br/> --cmake_extra_defines<br/>
onnxruntime_BUILD_DAWN_MONOLITHIC_LIBRARY=1 | `17,082,368
dxcompiler.dll`<br/>` 1,508,472 dxil.dll`<br/>`13,277,696
onnxruntime.dll`<br/>` 5,616,640 webgpu_dawn.dll` |
| External Dawn | --use_webgpu<br/> --config Release<br/>
--build_shared_lib<br/> --cmake_extra_defines<br/>
onnxruntime_USE_EXTERNAL_DAWN=1<br/> --skip_tests | `17,081,344
dxcompiler.dll`<br/>` 1,508,472 dxil.dll`<br/>`13,277,184
onnxruntime.dll`

cmake/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -149,6 +149,10 @@ option(onnxruntime_USE_WEBNN "Build with WebNN support. Enable hardware accelera
 option(onnxruntime_USE_WEBGPU "Build with WebGPU support. Enable WebGPU via C/C++ interface." OFF)
 option(onnxruntime_USE_EXTERNAL_DAWN "Build with treating Dawn as external dependency. Will not link Dawn at build time." OFF)
 option(onnxruntime_CUSTOM_DAWN_SRC_PATH "Path to custom Dawn src dir.")
+option(onnxruntime_BUILD_DAWN_MONOLITHIC_LIBRARY "Build Dawn as a monolithic library" OFF)
+# The following 2 options are only for Windows
+option(onnxruntime_ENABLE_DAWN_BACKEND_VULKAN "Enable Vulkan backend for Dawn (on Windows)" OFF)
+option(onnxruntime_ENABLE_DAWN_BACKEND_D3D12 "Enable D3D12 backend for Dawn (on Windows)" ON)
 
 # Options related to reducing the binary size produced by the build
 # XNNPACK EP requires the internal NHWC contrib ops to be available, so this option must be OFF when onnxruntime_USE_XNNPACK is ON
@@ -955,9 +959,18 @@ if (onnxruntime_USE_WEBGPU)
   list(APPEND ORT_PROVIDER_FLAGS -DUSE_WEBGPU=1)
   list(APPEND ORT_PROVIDER_CMAKE_FLAGS -Donnxruntime_USE_WEBGPU=1)
   list(APPEND ONNXRUNTIME_PROVIDER_NAMES webgpu)
+  if (onnxruntime_BUILD_DAWN_MONOLITHIC_LIBRARY)
+    list(APPEND ORT_PROVIDER_FLAGS -DBUILD_DAWN_MONOLITHIC_LIBRARY=1)
+  endif()
   if (onnxruntime_USE_EXTERNAL_DAWN)
     list(APPEND ORT_PROVIDER_FLAGS -DUSE_EXTERNAL_DAWN=1)
   endif()
+  if (onnxruntime_ENABLE_DAWN_BACKEND_VULKAN)
+    list(APPEND ORT_PROVIDER_FLAGS -DDAWN_ENABLE_VULKAN=1)
+  endif()
+  if (onnxruntime_ENABLE_DAWN_BACKEND_D3D12)
+    list(APPEND ORT_PROVIDER_FLAGS -DDAWN_ENABLE_D3D12=1)
+  endif()
 endif()
 if (onnxruntime_USE_CANN)
     list(APPEND ORT_PROVIDER_FLAGS  -DUSE_CANN=1)

cmake/external/onnxruntime_external_deps.cmake

@@ -635,10 +635,19 @@ if (onnxruntime_USE_WEBGPU)
     )
   endif()
 
-  # use dawn::dawn_native and dawn::dawn_proc instead of the monolithic dawn::webgpu_dawn to minimize binary size
-  set(DAWN_BUILD_MONOLITHIC_LIBRARY OFF CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
+  if (onnxruntime_BUILD_DAWN_MONOLITHIC_LIBRARY)
+    set(DAWN_BUILD_MONOLITHIC_LIBRARY ON CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
+    set(DAWN_ENABLE_INSTALL ON CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
+
+    if (onnxruntime_USE_EXTERNAL_DAWN)
+      message(FATAL_ERROR "onnxruntime_USE_EXTERNAL_DAWN and onnxruntime_BUILD_DAWN_MONOLITHIC_LIBRARY cannot be enabled at the same time.")
+    endif()
+  else()
+    # use dawn::dawn_native and dawn::dawn_proc instead of the monolithic dawn::webgpu_dawn to minimize binary size
+    set(DAWN_BUILD_MONOLITHIC_LIBRARY OFF CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
+    set(DAWN_ENABLE_INSTALL OFF CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
+  endif()
   set(DAWN_BUILD_SAMPLES OFF CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
-  set(DAWN_ENABLE_INSTALL OFF CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
   set(DAWN_ENABLE_NULL OFF CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
   set(DAWN_FETCH_DEPENDENCIES ON CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
 
@@ -667,18 +676,34 @@ if (onnxruntime_USE_WEBGPU)
     set(DAWN_USE_BUILT_DXC ON CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
     set(TINT_BUILD_HLSL_WRITER ON CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
 
-    # Vulkan may optionally be included in a Windows build. Exclude until we have an explicit use case that requires it.
-    set(DAWN_ENABLE_VULKAN OFF CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
+    if ((NOT onnxruntime_ENABLE_DAWN_BACKEND_VULKAN) AND (NOT onnxruntime_ENABLE_DAWN_BACKEND_D3D12))
+      message(FATAL_ERROR "At least one of onnxruntime_ENABLE_DAWN_BACKEND_VULKAN or onnxruntime_ENABLE_DAWN_BACKEND_D3D12 must be enabled when using Dawn on Windows.")
+    endif()
+    if (onnxruntime_ENABLE_DAWN_BACKEND_VULKAN)
+      set(DAWN_ENABLE_VULKAN ON CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
+      set(TINT_BUILD_SPV_WRITER ON CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
+    else()
+      set(DAWN_ENABLE_VULKAN OFF CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
+    endif()
+    if (onnxruntime_ENABLE_DAWN_BACKEND_D3D12)
+      set(DAWN_ENABLE_D3D12 ON CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
+    else()
+      set(DAWN_ENABLE_D3D12 OFF CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
+    endif()
     # We are currently always using the D3D12 backend.
     set(DAWN_ENABLE_D3D11 OFF CACHE BOOL "" FORCE)
   endif()
 
   onnxruntime_fetchcontent_makeavailable(dawn)
 
-  if (NOT onnxruntime_USE_EXTERNAL_DAWN)
-    list(APPEND onnxruntime_EXTERNAL_LIBRARIES dawn::dawn_native)
+  if (onnxruntime_BUILD_DAWN_MONOLITHIC_LIBRARY)
+    list(APPEND onnxruntime_EXTERNAL_LIBRARIES dawn::webgpu_dawn)
+  else()
+    if (NOT onnxruntime_USE_EXTERNAL_DAWN)
+      list(APPEND onnxruntime_EXTERNAL_LIBRARIES dawn::dawn_native)
+    endif()
+    list(APPEND onnxruntime_EXTERNAL_LIBRARIES dawn::dawn_proc)
   endif()
-  list(APPEND onnxruntime_EXTERNAL_LIBRARIES dawn::dawn_proc)
 endif()
 
 set(onnxruntime_LINK_DIRS)

cmake/onnxruntime_providers_webgpu.cmake

@@ -22,9 +22,25 @@
   onnxruntime_add_static_library(onnxruntime_providers_webgpu ${onnxruntime_providers_webgpu_cc_srcs})
   onnxruntime_add_include_to_target(onnxruntime_providers_webgpu
     onnxruntime_common dawn::dawncpp_headers dawn::dawn_headers onnx onnx_proto flatbuffers::flatbuffers Boost::mp11 safeint_interface)
-  if (NOT onnxruntime_USE_EXTERNAL_DAWN)
-    target_link_libraries(onnxruntime_providers_webgpu dawn::dawn_native)
+
+  if (onnxruntime_BUILD_DAWN_MONOLITHIC_LIBRARY)
+    target_link_libraries(onnxruntime_providers_webgpu dawn::webgpu_dawn)
+
+    if (onnxruntime_ENABLE_DELAY_LOADING_WIN_DLLS)
+      list(APPEND onnxruntime_DELAYLOAD_FLAGS "/DELAYLOAD:webgpu_dawn.dll")
+    endif()
+
+    # Copy webgpu_dawn.dll to the output directory
+    add_custom_command(
+      TARGET onnxruntime_providers_webgpu
+      POST_BUILD
+      COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -E copy_if_different "$<TARGET_FILE:dawn::webgpu_dawn>" "$<TARGET_FILE_DIR:onnxruntime_providers_webgpu>"
+      VERBATIM )
+  else()
+    if (NOT onnxruntime_USE_EXTERNAL_DAWN)
+      target_link_libraries(onnxruntime_providers_webgpu dawn::dawn_native)
+    endif()
+    target_link_libraries(onnxruntime_providers_webgpu dawn::dawn_proc)
   endif()
-  target_link_libraries(onnxruntime_providers_webgpu dawn::dawn_proc)
 
   set_target_properties(onnxruntime_providers_webgpu PROPERTIES FOLDER "ONNXRuntime")

onnxruntime/core/providers/webgpu/webgpu_context.cc

@@ -28,6 +28,9 @@ void WebGpuContext::Initialize(const WebGpuExecutionProviderInfo& webgpu_ep_info
     // Initialization.Step.1 - Create wgpu::Instance
     if (instance_ == nullptr) {
       const DawnProcTable* dawn_procs = reinterpret_cast<const DawnProcTable*>(dawn_proc_table);
+#if defined(BUILD_DAWN_MONOLITHIC_LIBRARY)
+      ORT_ENFORCE(dawn_procs == nullptr, "setting DawnProcTable is not allowed when dynamically linked to webgpu_dawn.");
+#else
 #if !defined(USE_EXTERNAL_DAWN)
       if (dawn_procs == nullptr) {
         dawn_procs = &dawn::native::GetProcs();
@@ -36,6 +39,7 @@ void WebGpuContext::Initialize(const WebGpuExecutionProviderInfo& webgpu_ep_info
       ORT_ENFORCE(dawn_procs != nullptr, "DawnProcTable must be provided.");
 #endif
       dawnProcSetProcs(dawn_procs);
+#endif
 
       wgpu::InstanceDescriptor instance_desc{};
       instance_desc.features.timedWaitAnyEnable = true;
@@ -49,9 +53,7 @@ void WebGpuContext::Initialize(const WebGpuExecutionProviderInfo& webgpu_ep_info
       wgpu::RequestAdapterOptions req_adapter_options = {};
       wgpu::DawnTogglesDescriptor adapter_toggles_desc = {};
       req_adapter_options.nextInChain = &adapter_toggles_desc;
-#ifdef _WIN32
-      req_adapter_options.backendType = wgpu::BackendType::D3D12;
-#endif
+      req_adapter_options.backendType = static_cast<wgpu::BackendType>(webgpu_ep_info.backend_type);
       req_adapter_options.powerPreference = wgpu::PowerPreference::HighPerformance;
 
       auto enabled_adapter_toggles = GetEnabledAdapterToggles();

onnxruntime/core/providers/webgpu/webgpu_execution_provider.h

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ struct WebGpuExecutionProviderInfo {
   WebGpuExecutionProviderInfo(DataLayout data_layout, bool enable_graph_capture)
       : data_layout{data_layout},
         enable_graph_capture{enable_graph_capture},
+        backend_type{},
         storage_buffer_cache_mode{},
         uniform_buffer_cache_mode{},
         query_resolve_buffer_cache_mode{},
@@ -36,6 +37,7 @@ struct WebGpuExecutionProviderInfo {
 
   DataLayout data_layout;
   bool enable_graph_capture;
+  int backend_type;
   webgpu::BufferCacheMode storage_buffer_cache_mode;
   webgpu::BufferCacheMode uniform_buffer_cache_mode;
   webgpu::BufferCacheMode query_resolve_buffer_cache_mode;

onnxruntime/core/providers/webgpu/webgpu_provider_factory.cc

@@ -67,6 +67,26 @@ std::shared_ptr<IExecutionProviderFactory> WebGpuProviderFactoryCreator::Create(
   }
   LOGS_DEFAULT(VERBOSE) << "WebGPU EP graph capture enable: " << webgpu_ep_info.enable_graph_capture;
 
+  std::string backend_type_str;
+  if (config_options.TryGetConfigEntry(kDawnBackendType, backend_type_str)) {
+#ifdef _WIN32
+    // Setup Windows default backend type based on the build configuration
+#if defined(onnxruntime_ENABLE_DAWN_BACKEND_D3D12)
+    webgpu_ep_info.backend_type = static_cast<int>(WGPUBackendType_D3D12);
+#elif defined(onnxruntime_ENABLE_DAWN_BACKEND_VULKAN)
+    webgpu_ep_info.backend_type = static_cast<int>(WGPUBackendType_Vulkan);
+#endif
+#endif
+    if (backend_type_str == kDawnBackendType_D3D12) {
+      webgpu_ep_info.backend_type = static_cast<int>(WGPUBackendType_D3D12);
+    } else if (backend_type_str == kDawnBackendType_Vulkan) {
+      webgpu_ep_info.backend_type = static_cast<int>(WGPUBackendType_Vulkan);
+    } else {
+      ORT_THROW("Invalid Dawn backend type: ", backend_type_str);
+    }
+  }
+  LOGS_DEFAULT(VERBOSE) << "WebGPU EP Dawn backend type: " << webgpu_ep_info.backend_type;
+
   auto parse_buffer_cache_mode = [&config_options](const std::string& config_entry_str,
                                                    webgpu::BufferCacheMode default_value) -> webgpu::BufferCacheMode {
     std::string buffer_cache_mode_str;

onnxruntime/core/providers/webgpu/webgpu_provider_options.h

@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ constexpr const char* kEnableGraphCapture = "WebGPU:enableGraphCapture";
 
 constexpr const char* kDawnProcTable = "WebGPU:dawnProcTable";
 
+constexpr const char* kDawnBackendType = "WebGPU:dawnBackendType";
+
 constexpr const char* kDeviceId = "WebGPU:deviceId";
 constexpr const char* kWebGpuInstance = "WebGPU:webgpuInstance";
 constexpr const char* kWebGpuAdapter = "WebGPU:webgpuAdapter";
@@ -30,6 +32,9 @@ constexpr const char* kForceCpuNodeNames = "WebGPU:forceCpuNodeNames";
 
 // The following are the possible values for the provider options.
 
+constexpr const char* kDawnBackendType_D3D12 = "D3D12";
+constexpr const char* kDawnBackendType_Vulkan = "Vulkan";
+
 constexpr const char* kPreferredLayout_NCHW = "NCHW";
 constexpr const char* kPreferredLayout_NHWC = "NHWC";