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concurrent, cache-efficient, and Dockerfile-agnostic builder toolkit

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BuildKit

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BuildKit is a toolkit for converting source code to build artifacts in an efficient, expressive and repeatable manner.

Key features:

  • Automatic garbage collection
  • Extendable frontend formats
  • Concurrent dependency resolution
  • Efficient instruction caching
  • Build cache import/export
  • Nested build job invocations
  • Distributable workers
  • Multiple output formats
  • Pluggable architecture
  • Execution without root privileges

Read the proposal from moby/moby#32925

Introductory blog post https://blog.mobyproject.org/introducing-buildkit-17e056cc5317

Join #buildkit channel on Docker Community Slack

ℹ️ If you are visiting this repo for the usage of BuildKit-only Dockerfile features like RUN --mount=type=(bind|cache|tmpfs|secret|ssh), please refer to frontend/dockerfile/docs/syntax.md.

ℹ️ BuildKit has been integrated to docker build since Docker 18.06 . You don't need to read this document unless you want to use the full-featured standalone version of BuildKit.

Used by

BuildKit is used by the following projects:

Quick start

ℹ️ For Kubernetes deployments, see examples/kubernetes.

BuildKit is composed of the buildkitd daemon and the buildctl client. While the buildctl client is available for Linux, macOS, and Windows, the buildkitd daemon is only available for Linux currently.

The buildkitd daemon requires the following components to be installed:

The latest binaries of BuildKit are available here for Linux, macOS, and Windows.

Homebrew package (unofficial) is available for macOS.

$ brew install buildkit

To build BuildKit from source, see .github/CONTRIBUTING.md.

Starting the buildkitd daemon:

You need to run buildkitd as the root user on the host.

$ sudo buildkitd

To run buildkitd as a non-root user, see docs/rootless.md.

The buildkitd daemon supports two worker backends: OCI (runc) and containerd.

By default, the OCI (runc) worker is used. You can set --oci-worker=false --containerd-worker=true to use the containerd worker.

We are open to adding more backends.

To start the buildkitd daemon using systemd socket activiation, you can install the buildkit systemd unit files. See Systemd socket activation

The buildkitd daemon listens gRPC API on /run/buildkit/buildkitd.sock by default, but you can also use TCP sockets. See Expose BuildKit as a TCP service.

Exploring LLB

BuildKit builds are based on a binary intermediate format called LLB that is used for defining the dependency graph for processes running part of your build. tl;dr: LLB is to Dockerfile what LLVM IR is to C.

  • Marshaled as Protobuf messages
  • Concurrently executable
  • Efficiently cacheable
  • Vendor-neutral (i.e. non-Dockerfile languages can be easily implemented)

See solver/pb/ops.proto for the format definition, and see ./examples/README.md for example LLB applications.

Currently, the following high-level languages has been implemented for LLB:

Exploring Dockerfiles

Frontends are components that run inside BuildKit and convert any build definition to LLB. There is a special frontend called gateway (gateway.v0) that allows using any image as a frontend.

During development, Dockerfile frontend (dockerfile.v0) is also part of the BuildKit repo. In the future, this will be moved out, and Dockerfiles can be built using an external image.

Building a Dockerfile with buildctl

buildctl build \
    --frontend=dockerfile.v0 \
    --local context=. \
    --local dockerfile=.
# or
buildctl build \
    --frontend=dockerfile.v0 \
    --local context=. \
    --local dockerfile=. \
    --opt target=foo \
    --opt build-arg:foo=bar

--local exposes local source files from client to the builder. context and dockerfile are the names Dockerfile frontend looks for build context and Dockerfile location.

Building a Dockerfile using external frontend:

External versions of the Dockerfile frontend are pushed to https://hub.docker.com/r/docker/dockerfile-upstream and https://hub.docker.com/r/docker/dockerfile and can be used with the gateway frontend. The source for the external frontend is currently located in ./frontend/dockerfile/cmd/dockerfile-frontend but will move out of this repository in the future (#163). For automatic build from master branch of this repository docker/dockerfile-upstream:master or docker/dockerfile-upstream:master-labs image can be used.

buildctl build \
    --frontend gateway.v0 \
    --opt source=docker/dockerfile \
    --local context=. \
    --local dockerfile=.
buildctl build \
    --frontend gateway.v0 \
    --opt source=docker/dockerfile \
    --opt context=https://github.com/moby/moby.git \
    --opt build-arg:APT_MIRROR=cdn-fastly.deb.debian.org

Building a Dockerfile with experimental features like RUN --mount=type=(bind|cache|tmpfs|secret|ssh)

See frontend/dockerfile/docs/experimental.md.

Output

By default, the build result and intermediate cache will only remain internally in BuildKit. An output needs to be specified to retrieve the result.

Image/Registry

buildctl build ... --output type=image,name=docker.io/username/image,push=true

To export the image to multiple registries:

buildctl build ... --output type=image,\"name=docker.io/username/image,docker.io/username2/image2\",push=true

To export the cache embed with the image and pushing them to registry together, type registry is required to import the cache, you should specify --export-cache type=inline and --import-cache type=registry,ref=.... To export the cache to a local directy, you should specify --export-cache type=local. Details in Export cache.

buildctl build ...\
  --output type=image,name=docker.io/username/image,push=true \
  --export-cache type=inline \
  --import-cache type=registry,ref=docker.io/username/image

Keys supported by image output:

  • name=<value>: specify image name(s)
  • push=true: push after creating the image
  • push-by-digest=true: push unnamed image
  • registry.insecure=true: push to insecure HTTP registry
  • oci-mediatypes=true: use OCI mediatypes in configuration JSON instead of Docker's
  • unpack=true: unpack image after creation (for use with containerd)
  • dangling-name-prefix=<value>: name image with prefix@<digest>, used for anonymous images
  • name-canonical=true: add additional canonical name name@<digest>
  • compression=<uncompressed|gzip|estargz|zstd>: choose compression type for layers newly created and cached, gzip is default value. estargz should be used with oci-mediatypes=true.
  • compression-level=<value>: compression level for gzip, estargz (0-9) and zstd (0-22)
  • force-compression=true: forcefully apply compression option to all layers (including already existing layers)
  • buildinfo=true: attach inline build info in image config (default true)
  • buildinfo-attrs=true: attach inline build info attributes in image config (default false)
  • store=true: store the result images to the worker's (e.g. containerd) image store as well as ensures that the image has all blobs in the content store (default true). Ignored if the worker doesn't have image store (e.g. OCI worker).
  • annotation.<key>=<value>: attach an annotation with the respective key and value to the built image
    • Using the extended syntaxes, annotation-<type>.<key>=<value>, annotation[<platform>].<key>=<value> and both combined with annotation-<type>[<platform>].<key>=<value>, allows configuring exactly where to attach the annotation.
    • <type> specifies what object to attach to, and can be any of manifest (the default), manifest-descriptor, index and index-descriptor
    • <platform> specifies which objects to attach to (by default, all), and is the same key passed into the platform opt, see docs/multi-platform.md.

If credentials are required, buildctl will attempt to read Docker configuration file $DOCKER_CONFIG/config.json. $DOCKER_CONFIG defaults to ~/.docker.

Local directory

The local client will copy the files directly to the client. This is useful if BuildKit is being used for building something else than container images.

buildctl build ... --output type=local,dest=path/to/output-dir

To export specific files use multi-stage builds with a scratch stage and copy the needed files into that stage with COPY --from.

...
FROM scratch as testresult

COPY --from=builder /usr/src/app/testresult.xml .
...
buildctl build ... --opt target=testresult --output type=local,dest=path/to/output-dir

Tar exporter is similar to local exporter but transfers the files through a tarball.

buildctl build ... --output type=tar,dest=out.tar
buildctl build ... --output type=tar > out.tar

Docker tarball

# exported tarball is also compatible with OCI spec
buildctl build ... --output type=docker,name=myimage | docker load

OCI tarball

buildctl build ... --output type=oci,dest=path/to/output.tar
buildctl build ... --output type=oci > output.tar

containerd image store

The containerd worker needs to be used

buildctl build ... --output type=image,name=docker.io/username/image
ctr --namespace=buildkit images ls

To change the containerd namespace, you need to change worker.containerd.namespace in /etc/buildkit/buildkitd.toml.

Cache

To show local build cache (/var/lib/buildkit):

buildctl du -v

To prune local build cache:

buildctl prune

Garbage collection

See ./docs/buildkitd.toml.md.

Export cache

BuildKit supports the following cache exporters:

  • inline: embed the cache into the image, and push them to the registry together
  • registry: push the image and the cache separately
  • local: export to a local directory
  • gha: export to GitHub Actions cache

In most case you want to use the inline cache exporter. However, note that the inline cache exporter only supports min cache mode. To enable max cache mode, push the image and the cache separately by using registry cache exporter.

inline and registry exporters both store the cache in the registry. For importing the cache, type=registry is sufficient for both, as specifying the cache format is not necessary.

Inline (push image and cache together)

buildctl build ... \
  --output type=image,name=docker.io/username/image,push=true \
  --export-cache type=inline \
  --import-cache type=registry,ref=docker.io/username/image

Note that the inline cache is not imported unless --import-cache type=registry,ref=... is provided.

Inline cache embeds cache metadata into the image config. The layers in the image will be left untouched compared to the image with no cache information.

ℹ️ Docker-integrated BuildKit (DOCKER_BUILDKIT=1 docker build) and docker buildxrequires --build-arg BUILDKIT_INLINE_CACHE=1 to be specified to enable the inline cache exporter. However, the standalone buildctl does NOT require --opt build-arg:BUILDKIT_INLINE_CACHE=1 and the build-arg is simply ignored.

Registry (push image and cache separately)

buildctl build ... \
  --output type=image,name=localhost:5000/myrepo:image,push=true \
  --export-cache type=registry,ref=localhost:5000/myrepo:buildcache \
  --import-cache type=registry,ref=localhost:5000/myrepo:buildcache

--export-cache options:

  • type=registry
  • mode=<min|max>: specify cache layers to export (default: min)
    • min: only export layers for the resulting image
    • max: export all the layers of all intermediate steps
  • ref=<ref>: specify repository reference to store cache, e.g. docker.io/user/image:tag
  • oci-mediatypes=<true|false>: whether to use OCI mediatypes in exported manifests (default: true, since BuildKit v0.8)
  • compression=<uncompressed|gzip|estargz|zstd>: choose compression type for layers newly created and cached, gzip is default value. estargz and zstd should be used with oci-mediatypes=true
  • compression-level=<value>: choose compression level for gzip, estargz (0-9) and zstd (0-22)
  • force-compression=true: forcibly apply compression option to all layers

--import-cache options:

  • type=registry
  • ref=<ref>: specify repository reference to retrieve cache from, e.g. docker.io/user/image:tag

Local directory

buildctl build ... --export-cache type=local,dest=path/to/output-dir
buildctl build ... --import-cache type=local,src=path/to/input-dir

The directory layout conforms to OCI Image Spec v1.0.

--export-cache options:

  • type=local
  • mode=<min|max>: specify cache layers to export (default: min)
    • min: only export layers for the resulting image
    • max: export all the layers of all intermediate steps
  • dest=<path>: destination directory for cache exporter
  • oci-mediatypes=<true|false>: whether to use OCI mediatypes in exported manifests (default true, since BuildKit v0.8)
  • compression=<uncompressed|gzip|estargz|zstd>: choose compression type for layers newly created and cached, gzip is default value. estargz and zstd should be used with oci-mediatypes=true.
  • compression-level=<value>: compression level for gzip, estargz (0-9) and zstd (0-22)
  • force-compression=true: forcibly apply compression option to all layers

--import-cache options:

  • type=local
  • src=<path>: source directory for cache importer
  • digest=sha256:<sha256digest>: specify explicit digest of the manifest list to import
  • tag=<tag>: determine custom tag of image. Defaults "latest" tag digest in index.json is for digest, not for tag

GitHub Actions cache (experimental)

buildctl build ... \
  --output type=image,name=docker.io/username/image,push=true \
  --export-cache type=gha \
  --import-cache type=gha

Github Actions cache saves both cache metadata and layers to GitHub's Cache service. This cache currently has a size limit of 10GB that is shared accross different caches in the repo. If you exceed this limit, GitHub will save your cache but will begin evicting caches until the total size is less than 10 GB. Recycling caches too often can result in slower runtimes overall.

Similarly to using actions/cache, caches are scoped by branch, with the default and target branches being available to every branch.

Following attributes are required to authenticate against the Github Actions Cache service API:

  • url: Cache server URL (default $ACTIONS_CACHE_URL)
  • token: Access token (default $ACTIONS_RUNTIME_TOKEN)

ℹ️ This type of cache can be used with Docker Build Push Action where url and token will be automatically set. To use this backend in a inline run step, you have to include crazy-max/ghaction-github-runtime in your workflow to expose the runtime.

--export-cache options:

  • type=gha
  • mode=<min|max>: specify cache layers to export (default: min)
    • min: only export layers for the resulting image
    • max: export all the layers of all intermediate steps
  • scope=<scope>: which scope cache object belongs to (default buildkit)

--import-cache options:

  • type=gha
  • scope=<scope>: which scope cache object belongs to (default buildkit)

S3 cache (experimental)

buildctl build ... \
  --output type=image,name=docker.io/username/image,push=true \
  --export-cache type=s3,region=eu-west-1,bucket=my_bucket,name=my_image \
  --import-cache type=s3,region=eu-west-1,bucket=my_bucket,name=my_image

The following attributes are required:

  • bucket: AWS S3 bucket (default: $AWS_BUCKET)
  • region: AWS region (default: $AWS_REGION)

Storage locations:

  • blobs: s3://<bucket>/<prefix><blobs_prefix>/<sha256>, default: s3://<bucket>/blobs/<sha256>
  • manifests: s3://<bucket>/<prefix><manifests_prefix>/<name>, default: s3://<bucket>/manifests/<name>

S3 configuration:

  • blobs_prefix: global prefix to store / read blobs on s3 (default: blobs/)
  • manifests_prefix: global prefix to store / read blobs on s3 (default: manifests/)
  • endpoint_url: specify a specific S3 endpoint (default: empty)
  • use_path_style: if set to true, put the bucket name in the URL instead of in the hostname (default: false)

AWS Authentication:

The simplest way is to use an IAM Instance profile. Others options are:

  • Any system using environment variables / config files supported by the AWS Go SDK. The configuration must be available for the buildkit daemon, not for the client.
  • Access key ID and Secret Access Key, using the access_key_id and secret_access_key attributes.

--export-cache options:

  • type=s3
  • mode=<min|max>: specify cache layers to export (default: min)
    • min: only export layers for the resulting image
    • max: export all the layers of all intermediate steps
  • prefix=<prefix>: set global prefix to store / read files on s3 (default: empty)
  • name=<manifest>: specify name of the manifest to use (default buildkit)
    • Multiple manifest names can be specified at the same time, separated by ;. The standard use case is to use the git sha1 as name, and the branch name as duplicate, and load both with 2 import-cache commands.

--import-cache options:

  • type=s3
  • prefix=<prefix>: set global prefix to store / read files on s3 (default: empty)
  • blobs_prefix=<prefix>: set global prefix to store / read blobs on s3 (default: blobs/)
  • manifests_prefix=<prefix>: set global prefix to store / read manifests on s3 (default: manifests/)
  • name=<manifest>: name of the manifest to use (default buildkit)

Consistent hashing

If you have multiple BuildKit daemon instances but you don't want to use registry for sharing cache across the cluster, consider client-side load balancing using consistent hashing.

See ./examples/kubernetes/consistenthash.

Metadata

To output build metadata such as the image digest, pass the --metadata-file flag. The metadata will be written as a JSON object to the specified file. The directory of the specified file must already exist and be writable.

buildctl build ... --metadata-file metadata.json
jq '.' metadata.json
{
  "containerimage.buildinfo": {
    "frontend": "dockerfile.v0",
    "attrs": {
      "context": "https://github.com/crazy-max/buildkit-buildsources-test.git#master",
      "filename": "Dockerfile",
      "source": "docker/dockerfile:master"
    },
    "sources": [
      {
        "type": "docker-image",
        "ref": "docker.io/docker/buildx-bin:0.6.1@sha256:a652ced4a4141977c7daaed0a074dcd9844a78d7d2615465b12f433ae6dd29f0",
        "pin": "sha256:a652ced4a4141977c7daaed0a074dcd9844a78d7d2615465b12f433ae6dd29f0"
      },
      {
        "type": "docker-image",
        "ref": "docker.io/library/alpine:3.13",
        "pin": "sha256:026f721af4cf2843e07bba648e158fb35ecc876d822130633cc49f707f0fc88c"
      }
    ]
  },
  "containerimage.config.digest": "sha256:2937f66a9722f7f4a2df583de2f8cb97fc9196059a410e7f00072fc918930e66",
  "containerimage.descriptor": {
    "annotations": {
      "config.digest": "sha256:2937f66a9722f7f4a2df583de2f8cb97fc9196059a410e7f00072fc918930e66",
      "org.opencontainers.image.created": "2022-02-08T21:28:03Z"
    },
    "digest": "sha256:19ffeab6f8bc9293ac2c3fdf94ebe28396254c993aea0b5a542cfb02e0883fa3",
    "mediaType": "application/vnd.oci.image.manifest.v1+json",
    "size": 506
  },
  "containerimage.digest": "sha256:19ffeab6f8bc9293ac2c3fdf94ebe28396254c993aea0b5a542cfb02e0883fa3"
}

Systemd socket activation

On Systemd based systems, you can communicate with the daemon via Systemd socket activation, use buildkitd --addr fd://. You can find examples of using Systemd socket activation with BuildKit and Systemd in ./examples/systemd.

Expose BuildKit as a TCP service

The buildkitd daemon can listen the gRPC API on a TCP socket.

It is highly recommended to create TLS certificates for both the daemon and the client (mTLS). Enabling TCP without mTLS is dangerous because the executor containers (aka Dockerfile RUN containers) can call BuildKit API as well.

buildkitd \
  --addr tcp://0.0.0.0:1234 \
  --tlscacert /path/to/ca.pem \
  --tlscert /path/to/cert.pem \
  --tlskey /path/to/key.pem
buildctl \
  --addr tcp://example.com:1234 \
  --tlscacert /path/to/ca.pem \
  --tlscert /path/to/clientcert.pem \
  --tlskey /path/to/clientkey.pem \
  build ...

Load balancing

buildctl build can be called against randomly load balanced the buildkitd daemon.

See also Consistent hashing for client-side load balancing.

Containerizing BuildKit

BuildKit can also be used by running the buildkitd daemon inside a Docker container and accessing it remotely.

We provide the container images as moby/buildkit:

  • moby/buildkit:latest: built from the latest regular release
  • moby/buildkit:rootless: same as latest but runs as an unprivileged user, see docs/rootless.md
  • moby/buildkit:master: built from the master branch
  • moby/buildkit:master-rootless: same as master but runs as an unprivileged user, see docs/rootless.md

To run daemon in a container:

docker run -d --name buildkitd --privileged moby/buildkit:latest
export BUILDKIT_HOST=docker-container://buildkitd
buildctl build --help

Podman

To connect to a BuildKit daemon running in a Podman container, use podman-container:// instead of docker-container:// .

podman run -d --name buildkitd --privileged moby/buildkit:latest
buildctl --addr=podman-container://buildkitd build --frontend dockerfile.v0 --local context=. --local dockerfile=. --output type=oci | podman load foo

sudo is not required.

Kubernetes

For Kubernetes deployments, see examples/kubernetes.

Daemonless

To run the client and an ephemeral daemon in a single container ("daemonless mode"):

docker run \
    -it \
    --rm \
    --privileged \
    -v /path/to/dir:/tmp/work \
    --entrypoint buildctl-daemonless.sh \
    moby/buildkit:master \
        build \
        --frontend dockerfile.v0 \
        --local context=/tmp/work \
        --local dockerfile=/tmp/work

or

docker run \
    -it \
    --rm \
    --security-opt seccomp=unconfined \
    --security-opt apparmor=unconfined \
    -e BUILDKITD_FLAGS=--oci-worker-no-process-sandbox \
    -v /path/to/dir:/tmp/work \
    --entrypoint buildctl-daemonless.sh \
    moby/buildkit:master-rootless \
        build \
        --frontend \
        dockerfile.v0 \
        --local context=/tmp/work \
        --local dockerfile=/tmp/work

Opentracing support

BuildKit supports opentracing for buildkitd gRPC API and buildctl commands. To capture the trace to Jaeger, set JAEGER_TRACE environment variable to the collection address.

docker run -d -p6831:6831/udp -p16686:16686 jaegertracing/all-in-one:latest
export JAEGER_TRACE=0.0.0.0:6831
# restart buildkitd and buildctl so they know JAEGER_TRACE
# any buildctl command should be traced to http://127.0.0.1:16686/

Running BuildKit without root privileges

Please refer to docs/rootless.md.

Building multi-platform images

Please refer to docs/multi-platform.md.

Contributing

Want to contribute to BuildKit? Awesome! You can find information about contributing to this project in the CONTRIBUTING.md

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concurrent, cache-efficient, and Dockerfile-agnostic builder toolkit

github.com/moby/moby/issues/34227

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