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philipbelesky committed Dec 22, 2023
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4 changes: 2 additions & 2 deletions site/_documentation/channels.md
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Expand Up @@ -25,6 +25,6 @@ The second channel component, `Channel Info`, calculates a number of hydraulic c
## Workflows
-->

{% include elements/figure.html image='model' alt='Images of the channel tool applied to various geometries' %}
{% include elements/figure.html image='model.jpg' alt='Images of the channel tool applied to various geometries' %}

{% include elements/figure.html image='definition' caption='Grasshopper definition demonstrating how to use the channel region and channel profile components.' credit='Philip Belesky, for https://groundhog.philipbelesky.com' %}
{% include elements/figure.html image='definition.jpg' caption='Grasshopper definition demonstrating how to use the channel region and channel profile components.' credit='Philip Belesky, for https://groundhog.philipbelesky.com' %}
4 changes: 2 additions & 2 deletions site/_documentation/flows-catchments.md
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Expand Up @@ -22,6 +22,6 @@ Each catchment type is assigned a "volume" figure, which represents the proporti

The example file for this component demonstrates a number of options for visualisation and extension, such as:

{% include elements/figure.html image='model' alt='Image of the flow catchment component used across two hypothetical landforms' %}
{% include elements/figure.html image='model.jpg' alt='Image of the flow catchment component used across two hypothetical landforms' %}

{% include elements/figure.html image='definition' caption='Grasshopper definition demonstrating how to use and extend the catchment analysis for Surface and Mesh forms.' credit='Philip Belesky, for https://groundhog.philipbelesky.com' %}
{% include elements/figure.html image='definition.jpg' caption='Grasshopper definition demonstrating how to use and extend the catchment analysis for Surface and Mesh forms.' credit='Philip Belesky, for https://groundhog.philipbelesky.com' %}
4 changes: 2 additions & 2 deletions site/_documentation/flows-saturation.md
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Expand Up @@ -36,6 +36,6 @@ The example file for this component demonstrates a number of options for visuali



{% include elements/figure.html image='model' alt='Image of the flow saturation component used across two hypothetical landforms' %}
{% include elements/figure.html image='model.jpg' alt='Image of the flow saturation component used across two hypothetical landforms' %}

{% include elements/figure.html image='definition' caption='Grasshopper definition demonstrating how to use and extend the catchment analysis for Surface and Mesh forms.' credit='Philip Belesky, for https://groundhog.philipbelesky.com' %}
{% include elements/figure.html image='definition.jpg' caption='Grasshopper definition demonstrating how to use and extend the catchment analysis for Surface and Mesh forms.' credit='Philip Belesky, for https://groundhog.philipbelesky.com' %}
6 changes: 3 additions & 3 deletions site/_documentation/flows.md
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files_text: model and definition demonstrating the use of these components
---

{% include elements/figure.html image='1' caption='Surface water flow paths across a littoral region' credit='Image via Philip Belesky for the "Processes and Processors" project (http://philipbelesky.com/projects/processes-and-processors/)' %}
{% include elements/figure.html image='1.jpg' caption='Surface water flow paths across a littoral region' credit='Image via Philip Belesky for the "Processes and Processors" project (http://philipbelesky.com/projects/processes-and-processors/)' %}

## Flow Paths

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- Using geometric intersections to test how drainage pits intercept water flows
- Fading the color of the paths as they travel further from their 'source'

{% include elements/figure.html image='model' alt='Example model for the flow paths definition.' %}
{% include elements/figure.html image='definition' caption='Grasshopper definition for the flow paths definition.' credit='Philip Belesky, for https://groundhog.philipbelesky.com' %}
{% include elements/figure.html image='model.jpg' alt='Example model for the flow paths definition.' %}
{% include elements/figure.html image='definition.jpg' caption='Grasshopper definition for the flow paths definition.' credit='Philip Belesky, for https://groundhog.philipbelesky.com' %}
4 changes: 2 additions & 2 deletions site/_documentation/plants.md
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Expand Up @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ If considered just in terms of its CAD representation, planting design appears t

It is regrettable that in both digital and analogue mediums the typical representations used poorly reflect their subject matter. Depictions of vegetation are rarely spatially explicit, and often rely on fixed and idealised averages that do not reflect the general nature, or the actual reality, of specific species.[@Elkin:2017 60-61][@Raxworthy:2013 113] A plan, once planted, will reach the 'mature' state it depicts after years if not decades. This mature state is itself an abstraction, as each plant's dimensions vary according to the localised conditions that propel or constrain individual growth and are typically altered through ongoing maintenance regimes.

{% include elements/figure.html image='1' caption='Parametric methods can manage vast quantities of plants distributed across a site and evaluate how they change over time.' credit='Philip Belesky, for https://groundhog.philipbelesky.com' %}
{% include elements/figure.html image='1.jpg' caption='Parametric methods can manage vast quantities of plants distributed across a site and evaluate how they change over time.' credit='Philip Belesky, for https://groundhog.philipbelesky.com' %}

While many options exist for visualising planting plans with a high degree of fidelity (presuming the correct models for a given species are available) these are typically deployed after the concept design stage, given that they are difficult to implement and modify. As a result, they are often ill-suited to design exploration but useful for evaluating aesthetics.

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The tripartite attribute/placement/simulation process has emerged from extensive iteration as a means to best support planting design workflows by allowing each task to easily interface with the existing methods available in Grasshopper and its broader plugin ecosystem.

{% include elements/figure.html image='definition' caption='Grasshopper definition demonstrating how to select particular species, place them, and simulate basic growth characteristics.' credit='Philip Belesky, for https://groundhog.philipbelesky.com' %}
{% include elements/figure.html image='definition.jpg' caption='Grasshopper definition demonstrating how to select particular species, place them, and simulate basic growth characteristics.' credit='Philip Belesky, for https://groundhog.philipbelesky.com' %}

> ***Coming Soon**: further components that allow for more naturalistic or performance-based planting distribution and 3D visualisation methods.*
2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion site/_documentation/terrain.md
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Expand Up @@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ Landform is more heterogeneous and complex than contour lines suggest. Seemingly

Groundhog provides a number of components for measuring particular characteristics of a given landform. However its worth noting that, as above, such tools for classifying topographic features are only as good as their underpinning 3D representations. Representing a landform as (say) either a `Mesh` or a `Surface` will create different trade-offs in the types of accuracy and detail offered.

{% include elements/figure.html image='1' caption="Visualisations of slope analysis across a `Mesh`, showing each face's grade as a vector, fill, and label" credit='Philip Belesky, for https://groundhog.philipbelesky.com' %}
{% include elements/figure.html image='1.png' caption="Visualisations of slope analysis across a `Mesh`, showing each face's grade as a vector, fill, and label" credit='Philip Belesky, for https://groundhog.philipbelesky.com' %}

## Slope

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4 changes: 2 additions & 2 deletions site/_includes/elements/figure.html
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{%- endcapture -%}

<figure class="gh-figure">
<a class="image-link" href="{{ basePath }}.jpeg" target="_blank">
<img src="{{ basePath }}.jpg" alt="{{ imageAlt }}" />
<a class="image-link" href="{{ basePath }}" target="_blank">
<img src="{{ basePath }}" alt="{{ imageAlt }}" />
</a>
{%- if include.caption or include.credit -%}
<figcaption>
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2 changes: 1 addition & 1 deletion site/_includes/tile.html
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{% assign color = 'rgba(114, 227, 210, 0.90)' %}
{% assign thumbnailAssetPath = '/assets/plugin/thumbnail.png' %}
{% else %}
{% capture thumbnailFullPath %}/assets/img/{{ item.slug }}/thumbnail-medium.jpg{% endcapture %}
{% capture thumbnailFullPath %}/assets/{{ item.slug }}/thumbnail.jpg{% endcapture %}
{% assign thumbnailAssetPath = thumbnailFullPath %}
{% endif %}

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16 changes: 8 additions & 8 deletions site/_projects/botanical-gardens-of-barcelona.md
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Expand Up @@ -12,28 +12,28 @@ files_text: model and definition that demonstrate a partial recreation of this p

The *Botanic Gardens of Barcelona* show an early example of how a sophisticated model of natural systems can help generate, test, and provide feedback upon the complex design criteria, such as grading and planting, that define the key features of a landscape.

{% include elements/figure.html image='2' alt='Photograph of the Botanic Gardens of Barcelona' %}
{% include elements/figure.html image='3' caption='An irregular triangular grid spreads across the garden, organising the planting typologies and path network.' credit='Image from Ferrater, Carlos, and Borja Ferrater. "Synchronizing Geometry". Actar, 2016.' %}
{% include elements/figure.html image='2.jpg' alt='Photograph of the Botanic Gardens of Barcelona' %}
{% include elements/figure.html image='3.jpg' caption='An irregular triangular grid spreads across the garden, organising the planting typologies and path network.' credit='Image from Ferrater, Carlos, and Borja Ferrater. "Synchronizing Geometry". Actar, 2016.' %}

Designed in 1989, the gardens were the product of a collaboration between Bet Figueras (landscape architect), Carles Ferrater and Josep Lluís Canosa (architects), Joan Pedrola (biologist) and Artur Bossy (horticulturist).[@WikiArquitectura:2017] Located on a steep site in Barcelona the design proposed an irregular triangular grid that spread across the site. The grid structure was in part developed to avoid the need for major earthworks, as the triangular geometry could closely follow the existing topography by keeping two of each triangle's vertices at the same elevation but allowing the third to shift vertically to match the pre-existing slope.[@Preziosi:2004 116] The resulting grading, paths, and retaining walls create a highly expressive and architectonic landscape with a complex circulation network[@Ferrater:2016 19] that sees paths split and converge to connect the planar surfaces.

{% include elements/figure.html image='5' caption="The configuration of each of the facet's vertices creates a number of distinct planting conditions correspond to the conditions of various geographic areas represented in the garden's vegetation." credit='Image from Ferrater, Carlos, and Borja Ferrater. "Synchronizing Geometry". Actar, 2016.' %}
{% include elements/figure.html image='5.jpg' caption="The configuration of each of the facet's vertices creates a number of distinct planting conditions correspond to the conditions of various geographic areas represented in the garden's vegetation." credit='Image from Ferrater, Carlos, and Borja Ferrater. "Synchronizing Geometry". Actar, 2016.' %}

While the formalism of the triangulation is striking, its design intent is directly tied to the project's key program: to showcase botanical collections drawn from a range of regions whose Mediterranean climates match that of Catalonia. To aid this goal the structure of the grid provides a further function: each facet creates a unique (but internally uniform) set of characteristics according to their differences in slope, solar orientation, and irrigation integration.[@Ferrater:2016 19] The diversity of conditions present across then grid then informs the planting design by allowing for the pairing of species from each geographic region to the corresponding conditions on each facet that best mimic the "ideal growing conditions in the plants' native setting."[@Hansen:2011] The tessellated mosaic thus creates a locally-coherent but globally-diverse distribution of vegetation clusters across the landscape that would develop specific adjacencies to 'allow visitors to compare the various species and note the remarkable phenomena of convergence'[@Preziosi:2004 116] while presenting a diversity of planted form and texture that "mitigate the excessive virtuality"[@Preziosi:2004 117] of the facets.

{% include elements/figure.html image='4' caption="Images produced by the computer program developed to assign species typologies across each of the grid's facets." credit='Image from Ferrater, Carlos, and Borja Ferrater. "Synchronizing Geometry". Actar, 2016.' %}
{% include elements/figure.html image='4.jpg' caption="Images produced by the computer program developed to assign species typologies across each of the grid's facets." credit='Image from Ferrater, Carlos, and Borja Ferrater. "Synchronizing Geometry". Actar, 2016.' %}

{% include elements/figure.html image='8' alt="Computer renders of the project showing topography and plants." credit='Image from Josep Lluis Canosa, Carles Ferrater, Bet Figueras, Quadrens 194, p98, 1992.' %}
{% include elements/figure.html image='8.jpg' alt="Computer renders of the project showing topography and plants." credit='Image from Josep Lluis Canosa, Carles Ferrater, Bet Figueras, Quadrens 194, p98, 1992.' %}

Software developed for a small personal computer guided the process of matching the vegetation of each region to the grid by calculating the environmental characteristics of each triangular plane and automatically selecting the region whose species best fit this profile.[@Ferrater:2016 19] Outsourcing this otherwise-tedious task of topographic analysis and species allocation to an automated process allowed the designers to "obtain what we believed to be the most important factor: control of the forms of the future landscape";[@Preziosi:2004 117] presumably because the tool allowed for faster and more precise feedback loops between the different grid configurations that defined the distributions of plant species. At the same time the software helped enable inter-disciplinary dialogue by making the relationship between key landscape features and the horticultural implications of those features explicit — something that had been "impossible in the early days of the project."[@Ferrater:2016 19]

{% include elements/figure.html image='7' caption='The conscious clustering of facets with similar characteristics creates adjacencies within the plan that juxtapose the different geographic regions and vegetation types within each of those regions.' credit='Image from Ferrater, Carlos, and Borja Ferrater. "Synchronizing Geometry". Actar, 2016.' %}
{% include elements/figure.html image='7.jpg' caption='The conscious clustering of facets with similar characteristics creates adjacencies within the plan that juxtapose the different geographic regions and vegetation types within each of those regions.' credit='Image from Ferrater, Carlos, and Borja Ferrater. "Synchronizing Geometry". Actar, 2016.' %}

While the power of computer hardware has increased exponentially since 1989 the digital model developed for the Gardens illustrates that "the complex questions regarding the design of the garden"[@Ferrater:2016 117] don't necessitate large amounts of complexity in terms of computational rules or power. The natural systems that define the 'micro-ecology' of each of the planted facets are innumerably complex in their exactitude, but for the purposes of designing viable distributions of vegetation the model only needed to include a (relatively) small number of salient parameters, metrics, and rules. The software was able to provide clear feedback on how each design iteration performed because it had such a clear set of procedures (the spatial grid and planting palette) with clearly-defined relationships between the formal and ecological systems that define the landscape.

Recreating the general logic used to help design the *Barcelona Botanic Gardens* is relatively easy to do using modern computer-aided design platforms. Yet, the project remains as a seemingly-rare example of how computational methods can directly generate distinctly landscape architectural design features. As the similarly-faceted forms of Plasma Studio and Groundlab's *Flowing Gardens* project illustrate, the formal epiphenomenon of digital modelling are easily identified and are often stated as having been shaped (indirectly) by landscape conditions and logics.[@Hansen:2011] Yet direct computationally-enabled ties between landscape forms and landscape logics — that is to say a generative processes that mediates between the two — remains rare. Many techniques exist for analysing the different aspects of a landscape in isolation[^iso] but part of the ongoing novelty of the *Barcelona Botanic Gardens* is that it developed a more holistic model that could incorporate the otherwise-isolated aspects of landscape form, landscape analysis, and planting design into a cohesive set of procedures that could help to generate (rather than just validate) a design.

{% include elements/figure.html image='model' alt='Rhinoceros model of the Botanic Gardens of Barcelona' %}
{% include elements/figure.html image='definition' caption='Grasshopper definition recreating the basic analysis of the triangular grid and allocating plants accordingly.' credit='Philip Belesky, for https://groundhog.philipbelesky.com' %}
{% include elements/figure.html image='model.jpg' alt='Rhinoceros model of the Botanic Gardens of Barcelona' %}
{% include elements/figure.html image='definition.jpg' caption='Grasshopper definition recreating the basic analysis of the triangular grid and allocating plants accordingly.' credit='Philip Belesky, for https://groundhog.philipbelesky.com' %}

[^iso]: For instance determining surface water flows or solar gain over a given topographic surface.
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