regions

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Installation

You can install the development version from GitHub with:

devtools::install_github("rOpenGov/regions")

or the released version from CRAN:

install.packages("regions")

You can review the complete package documentation on regions.dataobservaotry.eu. If you find any problems with the code, please raise an issue on Github. Pull requests are welcome if you agree with the Contributor Code of Conduct

If you use regions in your work, please cite the package.

Working with Sub-national Statistics

In international comparison, using nationally aggregated indicators often have many disadvantages, which result from the very different levels of homogeneity, but also from the often very limited observation numbers in a cross-sectional analysis. When comparing European countries, a few missing cases can limit the cross-section of countries to around 20 cases which disallows the use of many analytical methods. Working with sub-national statistics has many advantages: the similarity of the aggregation level and high number of observations can allow more precise control of model parameters and errors, and the number of observations grows from 20 to 200-300.

Yet the change from national to sub-national level comes with a huge data processing price. While national boundaries are relatively stable, with only a handful of changes in each recent decade. The change of national boundaries requires a more-or-less global consensus. But states are free to change their internal administrative boundaries, and they do it with large frequency. This means that the names, identification codes and boundary definitions of sub-national regions change very frequently. Joining data from different sources and different years can be very difficult.

There are numerous advantages of switching from a national level of the analysis to a sub-national level comes with a huge price in data processing, validation and imputation. The regions package aims to help this process.

This package is an offspring of the eurostat package on rOpenGov. It started as a tool to validate and re-code regional Eurostat statistics, but it aims to be a general solution for all sub-national statistics. It will be developed parallel with other rOpenGov packages.

Sub-national Statistics Have Many Challenges

Frequent boundary changes: as opposed to national boundaries, the territorial units, typologies are often change, and this makes the validation and recoding of observation necessary across time. For example, in the European Union, sub-national typologies change about every three years and you have to make sure that you compare the right French region in time, or, if you can make the time-wise comparison at all.

library(regions)
library(dplyr)
#> 
#> Attaching package: 'dplyr'
#> The following objects are masked from 'package:stats':
#> 
#>     filter, lag
#> The following objects are masked from 'package:base':
#> 
#>     intersect, setdiff, setequal, union
example_df <- data.frame ( 
  geo  =  c("FR", "DEE32", "UKI3" ,
            "HU12", "DED", 
            "FRK"), 
  values = runif(6, 0, 100 ),
  stringsAsFactors = FALSE )

recode_nuts(dat = example_df, 
            nuts_year = 2013) %>%
  select ( .data$geo, .data$values, .data$code_2013) %>%
  knitr::kable()

geo	values	code_2013
FR	66.63397	FR
UKI3	84.36175	UKI3
DED	65.95632	DED
FRK	13.87023	FR7
HU12	77.24010	NA
DEE32	13.32974	NA

Hierarchical aggregation and special imputation: missingness is very frequent in sub-national statistics, because they are created with a serious time-lag compared to national ones, and because they are often not back-casted after boundary changes. You cannot use standard imputation algorithms because the observations are not similarly aggregated or averaged. Often, the information is seemingly missing, and it is present with an obsolete typology code. This is a basic example which shows you how to impute data from a larger territorial unit, such as a national statistic, to lower territorial units:

library(regions)

upstream <- data.frame ( 
   country_code =  rep("AU", 2),
   year         = c(2019:2020),
   my_var       = c(10,12)
   )

downstream <- australia_states

imputed <- impute_down ( 
   upstream_data  = upstream,
   downstream_data = downstream,
   country_var = "country_code",
   regional_code = "geo_code",
   values_var = "my_var",
   time_var = "year" )

knitr::kable(imputed)

geo_code	year	geo_name	country_code	my_var	method
AU-NSW	2019	New South Wales state	AU	10	imputed from AU actual
AU-QLD	2019	Queensland state	AU	10	imputed from AU actual
AU-SA	2019	South Australia state	AU	10	imputed from AU actual
AU-TAS	2019	Tasmania state	AU	10	imputed from AU actual
AU-VIC	2019	Victoria state	AU	10	imputed from AU actual
AU-WA	2019	Western Australia state	AU	10	imputed from AU actual
AU-ACT	2019	Australian Capital Territory territory	AU	10	imputed from AU actual
AU-NT	2019	Northern Territory territory	AU	10	imputed from AU actual
AU-NSW	2020	New South Wales state	AU	12	imputed from AU actual
AU-QLD	2020	Queensland state	AU	12	imputed from AU actual
AU-SA	2020	South Australia state	AU	12	imputed from AU actual
AU-TAS	2020	Tasmania state	AU	12	imputed from AU actual
AU-VIC	2020	Victoria state	AU	12	imputed from AU actual
AU-WA	2020	Western Australia state	AU	12	imputed from AU actual
AU-ACT	2020	Australian Capital Territory territory	AU	12	imputed from AU actual
AU-NT	2020	Northern Territory territory	AU	12	imputed from AU actual

Package functionality

• Generic vocabulary translation and joining functions for geographically coded data
• Keeping track of the boundary changes within the European Union between 1999-2024
• Vocabulary translation and joining functions for standardized European Union statistics
• Vocabulary translation for the ISO-3166-2 based Google data and the European Union
• Imputation functions from higher aggregation hierarchy levels to lower ones, for example from NUTS1 to NUTS2 or from ISO-3166-1 to ISO-3166-2 (impute down)
• Imputation functions from lower hierarchy levels to higher ones (impute up)
• Aggregation function from lower hierarchy levels to higher ones, for example from NUTS3 to NUTS1 or from ISO-3166-2 to ISO-3166-1 (aggregate; under development)
• Disaggregation functions from higher hierarchy levels to lower ones, again, for example from NUTS1 to NUTS2 or from ISO-3166-1 to ISO-3166-2 (disaggregate; under development)

We started building an experimental APIs data is running regions regularly and improving known statistical data sources. See: Digital Music Observatory, Green Deal Data Observatory, Economy Data Observatory.

Vignettes / Articles

• Mapping Regional Data, Mapping Metadata Problem
• Working With Regional, Sub-National Statistical Products
• Validating Your Typology
• Recoding And Relabelling

Contributors

Thanks for @KKulma for the improved continous integration on Github.

Code of Conduct

Please note that the regions project is released with a Contributor Code of Conduct. By contributing to this project, you agree to abide by its terms.