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--- | ||
layout: blog | ||
title: "有鸟用防鸟刺筑巢以防御其他鸟类" | ||
date: 2023-07-13 | ||
authors: | ||
- link: http://i.jandan.net/p/author/Diehard | ||
name: Diehard | ||
avatar: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/scillidan/gh-cos/main/picture-of-hakashmyr-grey.png | ||
origauthor: REBECCA DYER | ||
source: http://jandan.net/p/113536 | ||
origsource: https://www.sciencealert.com/birds-seen-using-anti-bird-spikes-to-protect-their-nests-from-well-other-birds | ||
order: 20230713 | ||
icon: squirrel | ||
--- | ||
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喜鹊和乌鸦正在利用从建筑物上搜集来的防鸟刺来筑巢。 | ||
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这些长长的金属杆的用途是驱赶鸟类不要在此逗留,但欧洲城市中的一些鸟类能工巧匠则找到了“转废为宝”之道。 | ||
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“真就像是个笑话一样。”荷兰自然生物多样性中心的生物学家Auke-Florian Hiemstra说,“就连我这样一个鸟巢研究者都觉得搞笑,这是我见过的最疯狂的鸟巢。” | ||
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讽刺十足的是,荷兰首个针对完全由防鸟刺筑成的鸟巢的研究发现,喜鹊用它们筑巢,但没有改变它们的用途——抵御鸟类。 | ||
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Hiemstra和同事们描述了食腐鸦和欧亚喜鹊筑成的所有已知的防鸟刺巢。 | ||
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他们在鹿特丹发现了两个此类鸟巢的例子。2009年,在一棵白杨树上发现了至少由16根防鸟刺构成的鸦巢,还有2021年在一棵被修剪过的垂柳上发现的还未完工的鸦巢。 | ||
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这个新奇的鸟巢有336根防鸟刺,连到一起将近8米,上面残留着用来贴在建筑物上的粘合剂,也就是说它们是被用蛮力扯下来的。鸟巢上甚至还有一块防鸟网——另外一种有意思的失败防鸟装置。 | ||
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乌鸦会用防鸟刺来筑巢,而喜鹊将防鸟刺归为己用的能力则更令人称奇。 | ||
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2021年时,在比利时安特卫普一棵糖枫树上发现的一个喜鹊巢的顶部就几乎全都是防鸟刺,共有61条防鸟刺,连在一起有16.72米,上面总共有604根尖刺。它们被放置在顶部里面意味着一个更加明确的目的:防御从天而降的袭击。 | ||
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喜鹊的蛋还有幼鸟对乌鸦来说是一种美食,乌鸦有时会试着阻止喜鹊在巢顶部建造这些特点鲜明的穹顶结构。 | ||
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为了劝退乌鸦,喜鹊使用带有尖刺的枝条来搭建巢顶,为此它们会飞行很远来收集合适的材料。 | ||
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因此,Hiemstra和团队认为这些尖锐的人工材料可能是专门用于升级巢穴的防御系统的。城市的喜鹊或许是在用防鸟刺来替代带刺的枝条,因为后者在城市里太稀少了。 | ||
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另外一个2021年在苏格兰格拉斯哥发现的喜鹊巢在顶部大约有12个防鸟刺。2023年在荷兰的恩斯赫德,又在观赏性梅子树上发现了第三例由金属和塑料防鸟刺打造的喜鹊巢。 | ||
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防鸟刺可以固定枝条,加固鸟巢的结构,因此科学家认为它们能成为相当有效的筑巢材料。 | ||
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鸟类的适应能力在之前已经通过它们对钉子、螺丝、铁丝网甚至丢弃的针筒等人造材料的运用进行过展示了。 | ||
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2019年,在澳大利亚蓝山被镜头记录下来的一只葵花风头鹦鹉就在开心的扯下一栋建筑物上的防鸟刺。这些特别的小生灵能用翅膀霍霍人类的本事可不止这一种。 | ||
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正如该团队指出的,现如今人造材料比自然生物量更多,因此生活在城市中的鸟类会利用这些带有尖刺的替代品也就不足为奇了。但这些不断增多的人造材料也会伤害鸟类。 | ||
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另外一项新研究发现,176种鸟类会使用人造材料筑巢,有优点也有缺点。 | ||
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华沙大学的进化生物学家Zuzanna Jagiełło还有该研究的第一作者表示:“这很令人担忧,因为越来越显而易见的是这类材料会伤害到雏鸟甚至是成鸟。” | ||
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鸟类被股线缠住是致命的,同时人造材料鲜亮的颜色也会让巢穴更容易被捕食者锁定并发起攻击。 | ||
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烟屁股中的化合物可以驱走鸟巢里的寄生虫,但会增加染色体异常。而且成鸟还会误把烟屁股喂给雏鸟,和误食塑料相似。 | ||
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因此,假如设计出来是为了阻止筑巢的材料最后也成为了鸟巢的一部分,那我们就应该尽最大的努力,让这些小机灵鬼们受到的伤害最小化。 | ||
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“这种把防鸟刺用于筑巢的创新之举,”Hiemstra和同事们写道,“表现出筑巢行为以及材料运用方面的灵活性。” | ||
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