[UI] Upgrade to Material 3 design, refactor some core elements

[sadorowo]

Replaces #146
Replaces #196
Closes #179
Closes #162
Closes #131
Opens #202

Credits

• @santoni0 for [UI] Material 3 support #146
• @santoni0 for Update to Material 3 kuba2k2/NavLib#2
• @Kazoroo for Wyrównanie nazw lekcji względem siebie #196

Important

One thing have been done, I've increased minSdk to 21. tools:overrideLibrary wasn't working for me so I had to do this. If anybody knows a solution, you can review modified build.gradle file.
This is now fixed

What have been done

• Updated Gradle dependencies
• Fixed missing Intent receiver flags for Tiramisu+ API
• Merged Szkolny.eu commits to original @santoni0's fork
• Added text align in Home Timetable card
• Fixed Material 3 code
• Adapted code to new Gradle dependencies
• Added Android 13+ themed icon
• Removed dead code
• Replaced deprecated methods with their alternatives
• Adapted Notes elements to MD3:
  • dialog
  • view
• Added grade code support
• Added ability to lock layout

Warning

I'll remove dead code & replace deprecated methods in another PR. (maybe)
However, I don't promise anything

Things required to merge this PR

• Merge changes from sadorowo/NavLib into original branch, and then:
  • change repository owner and commit ID in build.gradle:
    implementation "com.github.sadorowo:NavLib:323288f" -> implementation "com.github.kuba2k2:NavLib:<new commit hash>"
• Fix "Back button opens drawer" function, currently app is opening drawer and exiting. We need to prevent exiting. - done

Conclusion

I'm not perfect in writing Android apps, especially in Kotlin/Java. Personally I prefer using Flutter because I often need to write multiplatform apps. However, I think the code is working fine.

Two things I've adjusted and I'm not sure about them:
1. data/api/edziennik/vulcan/data/VulcanHebe.kt:394

- filterType: HebeFilterType? = null,
+ filterType: HebeFilterType = HebeFilterType.BY_PUPIL,

I've set default filterType to BY_PUPIL, because if I wouldn't change it, the when condition would be non-exhaustive. I've tested it and it works fine for me.
edit: I misunderstood this code, now it's fixed

2. sync/WorkerUtils.kt
   Basically, I've only changed two things. These changes were required because of the dependency upgrade.

First change

- val scheduledWork = workManager.workDatabase.workSpecDao().scheduledWork;
+ val scheduledWork = workManager.workDatabase.workSpecDao().getScheduledWork() as MutableList;

The as MutableList here is required because removeAll method which is used later doesn't exist for regular List.

Second change

- (WorkSpec.periodStartTime + WorkSpec.initialDelay)
+ WorkSpec.calculateNextRunTime()

I'm most unsure about this change. WorkSpec.periodStartTime doesn't exist in new version of androidx.work, so I think this is the replacement for this calculation.

Additional info

Original fork code is here.

[sadorowo]

sorry for such a huge number of changes in one PR, good luck future reviewer(s) 🥲

[sadorowo]

marking as draft until all issues will be fixed